Renal Anatomy / Histology Flashcards
What is normal renal mobility?
3 cm
1 vertebral body
What vertebral bodies correspond to the location of the kidneys?
T12-L3
What fascia is the renal fascia contiguous with?
diaphragmatic fascia and adventitial layer of renal vessels
From anterior to posterior, what order to the vessels enter the renal hilum?
Vein
Artery
Renal pelvis
What structure excretes urine into the minor calyces?
Renal papilla
What is the path of urine flow from the kidney?
renal pyramid => renal papilla => minor calyx => major calyx => renal pelvis => ureter => bladder => urethra
Where are constrictions of the ureters normally seen?
Junction of ureters & renal pelves
Crossing of pelvic inlet
Passage through wall of urinary bladder
Which kidney is well protected by the 11th and 12th ribs, and why is it better protected than the other?
The left kidney b/c it is more superior than the right
Which renal vein is longer?
Left renal vein
Into what structure do the renal veins drain
Inferior vena cava
Into what lymph node do the renal lymph vessels drain?
R/L lumbar LNs
Which kidney is palpable and where?
The right kidney, between the 12th rib and iliac crest
What is renal vein entrapment syndrome?
Compression of the L renal vein by the abdominal aorta
What is the cause of bifid renal pelvis?
incomplete division of ureteric bud
What is the cause of supernumerary kidney?
Complete division of ureteric bud
Through what part each of the kidneys does the transpyloric plane run?
Left: just superior to the hilum
Right: Superior pole
What kind of tissue is the renal fascia?
dense irregular CT
inner layer of myofibroblasts
Which part of the kidney contains renal corpuscles?
renal cortex
What constitutes a renal lobe?
single renal pyramid & adjacent renal cortex & columns
What is the path of the ureter?
kidney => abdominal cavity => over ileum => pelvis => bladder
What supplies afferent arterioles?
Cortical radiate arteries
What arteries supply the portions of the kidney that can be individually resected?
Segmental arteries (renal segments)
What regulates vascular flow to the kidneys?
ANS
Where do the sympathetic nerves that supply the kidneys synapse? What nerves are they?
Aorticorenal Ganglia
Lesser and Lease splanchnic nerves
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys?
vagus n
What constitutes a nephron?
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
Renal tubules
What constitutes a urine carrying unit?
Nephron
collecting duct (cortical and medullary)
papillary duct
What is the path of urine from the glomerulus to minor calyx?
Bowmans capsule => proximal convoluted tubule => proximal straight tubule => descending thin LOH => ascending thin LOH => thick ascending LOH => distal convoluted tubule => collecting tubule => cortical collecting duct => medullary collecting duct => papillary duct => minor calyx
What is the renal interstitium
loose CT w/ fibroblasts that produce EPO in response to decreased O2
What are cortical/medullary rays?
Aggregations of collecting ducts & straight tubules running btwn renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules within the cortex
What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
How does the thick luminal glycocalyx of the glomerular endothelium aid in filtration?
It is negatively charged and therefore selective of cations to pass
What two chemokines can the glomerular epithelium produce?
In response to what hormone are they produced?
NO and PGE2 released in response to angiotensin II
What 2 collagens and 2 proteins are found in the glomerular basement membrane?
Type 4 and 18 collagens
Laminin, entactin
Where are Mesanglial cells found?
visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule, in direct contact w/ glomerular endothelial cells
What is the most active tubule in resorption and secretion?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What are the hallmarks of the proximal convoluted tubule?
simple cuboidal epithelium, abdundant microvilli, lots of mitochondria, basolateral infolding
What kind of tissue is found in the LOH?
thin: simple squamous epithelium
thick: simple cuboidal epithelium
What two hormones act on the distal convoluted tubule? What do they do?
Angiotension II - influences Na+ resorption
PTH - influences Ca2+ resorption
How can light/principal cells be identified?
Ciliated surface - target of aldosterone
cilia detect fluid flow
What do dark/intercalated cells do?
Involved in H+ and HCO3+ transport
What two structures do the efferent capillaries branch into?
Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
In what structures is transitional epithelium found?
bladder, ureters, renal pelves, renal calyces
What do fusiform vesicles do?
The allow the urothelium to extend its plasma membrane to allow distention of the tissue
What is the trigone of the bladder?
inferior & posterior wall where ureters and urethra open
What tissue is found in the urethra?
From proximal to distal:
transitional epithelium
pseudostratified columnar
stratified squamous epithelium
Which urethral is innervated by the ANS? which is the SNS?
internal urethral sphincter - ANS
external urethral sphincter - SNS
What kind of urethra is found in females? Males?
Females: Membranous urethra
Males: Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra
