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HUBS192 Renal system > Renal anatomy > Flashcards

Renal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

role of renal system

A

maintain water and chemical balance in body by expelling excess water. salts, wastes of metabolism, toxins and drugs. Also has endocrine functions to produce EPO and renin

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2
Q

requirements of renal system

A

delivery system for blood

selective filtration system

filtrate recovery mechanism

system to remove filtrate from body

protection; ability to communicate

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3
Q

structure of renal system

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, regulatory nerves and muscles

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4
Q

location of kidney

A

located between T12-L3 vertebrae and underneath 11th and 12th ribs.

Located on posterior abdominal wall covered on anterior side by peritoneum.

Surrounded by protective renal fat.

Right kidney slightly inferior because of liver

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5
Q

gross structure of kidney

A

fibrous capsule - outermost, protection

cortex - outer, renal columns between medullary pyramids

medulla - inner, divided into medullary pyramids, each pyramid ends in papilla

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6
Q

renal lobe

A

one emdullary pyramid and surrounding cortex

usually between 5 and 11 per kidney

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7
Q

path of urine out of kidney

A

urine drains from each papilla and collects in a calyx

calyxes join to form renal pelvis

pelvis narrows as it exits the hilum to become the ureter

ureters flow into bladder

urethra exits bladder

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8
Q

blood supply into the cortex

A

Abdominal aorta –> renal artery –> Series of arteries –> afferent arteriole –> glomerular capillary

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9
Q

blood flow away from cortex after being filtered

A

Glomerular capillary –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> series of veins –> renal vein –> inferior vena cava

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10
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

specialised for absorption

adjacent to renal tubules

at low pressure and porous

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11
Q

innervation of kidneys

A

innervated by a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called renal plexus

supplied by sympathetic nerve fibres from splanchnic nerves

determines diameter of renal arterioles so regulates blood flow

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12
Q

what is a nephron and functions

A

microscopic functional unit of kidney

functions are:

  1. filter blood
  2. reabsorb certain substances
  3. secrete into filtrate
  4. excrete waste
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13
Q

cortical nephron

A

85% of nephrons

Lie mainly in the cortex - do not extend far into the medulla

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14
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Extend deep into the medulla

Important for the formation of concentrated urine - the deeper a nephron penetrates into the medulla, the more concentrated the urine it will produce.

Their loop of Henle’s are associated with a vasa recta

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15
Q

structure of nephron

A

bowman’s capsule - filtration

proximal convoluted tubule - bulk reabsorption

loop of Henle - HOMG

distal convoluted tubule - fine tuning

collecting duct

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16
Q

glomerular capillaries

A

Specialised for filtration

Thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

Fed and drained by arterioles

High pressure and tightly regulated

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17
Q

two layers of Bowman’s capsule

A
  1. Outer parietal layer of simple squamous epithelium
  2. Inner visceral layer of podocytes

Between two layers is Bowman’s space

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18
Q

podocytes

A

Surround glomerular capillaries

Very branched, specialised epithelium

Branches form intertwining foot processes called pedicels

Filtration slits form between pedicels

Filtered blood goes through these slits and passes into Bowman’s space

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19
Q

filtration barrier

A

Lies between blood and Bowman’s space

Allows free passage of water and small molecules

Restricts passage of most proteins

RBCs are not filtered into nephron

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20
Q

3 layers of filtration barrier

A
  1. Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
  2. Fused basement membrane of glomerular capillaries and podocytes
  3. Filtration slits between pedicels of the podocytes
21
Q

structure and function of proximal convoluted tubule

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells

Brush border (dense microvilli) on the luminal membrane

Highly folded basolateral membrane

Many mitochondria for active transport

Leaky epithelium to facilitate bulk reabsorption

function = bulk reabsorption

22
Q

structure and function of thick ascending limb of LoH

A

Structure: similar to PCT (cuboidal epithelial cells with a brush border on the luminal surface, a highly folded basolateral membrane, and many mitochondria)

Function: reabsorption of water from filtrate

23
Q

structure and function of thin descending limb of LoH

A

simple squamous epithelium

reabsorption of water from filtrate

24
Q

structure and function on thin ascending limb

A

simple squamous epithelium

reabsorption of salt (NaCl) from filtrate

25
Q

structure and function of thick ascending limb

A

similar to DCT (thinner cuboidal epithelial cells with no
brush border, and fewer mitochondria than the PCT)

reabsorption of salt (NaCl) from filtrate

26
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

cuboidal epithelial cells but thinner than those in PCT

few microvilli - no brush border

fewer mitochondria than PCT

27
Q

function of DCT

A

reabsorption of various substances - fine tuning influenced by aldosterone

28
Q

structure of collecting duct

A

wall of simple cuboidal epithelial cells - 2 types:

  1. principal cells - reabsorption
  2. intercalated cells - acid/base balance

filtrate from several DCTs drains into one collecting duct, which then empties into a papilla

29
Q

function of collecting duct

A

fine tuning of urine

Reabsorption is influenced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) through the use of aquaporins

30
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

specialised zone in every nephron, located where the
DCT lies against the afferent arteriole.

Both vessels have specialised cells that control the glomerular
filtration rate (GFR).

stabilises blood pressure

31
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

found on afferent arteriole

mechanoreceptors

release renin in response to BP, which stimulates formation of angiotensin II

32
Q

macula densa

A

found on DCT

chemoreceptors

sense NaCl concentrations

33
Q

transitional epithelium

A

epithelium of urinary system

specialised type of stratified epithelium

It is made up rounded cells that flatten when they are stretched

Transitional epithelium functions to protect the structures that it lines

34
Q

3 layers of ureters

A
  1. transitional epithelium - innermost
  2. muscularis - inner = longitudinal, outer = circular
  3. adventita - outer, FCT

also have protein plaques on luminal surface

35
Q

entry of ureters into bladder

A

Enter bladder at an oblique angle, which acts as a sphincter/valve as it can be compressed by increased bladder pressure when full to prevent backflow

36
Q

exit of ureters from kidney

A

Arise from each renal pelvis at each hilum

Descend retroperitoneally through abdomen, vertically from hila

37
Q

triangular region between 3 openings of bladder

A

trigone - often does not fully empty so prone to infection

38
Q

expansion of bladder

A

When empty the bladder collapses along folds or rugae

When full, the bladder expands without great increase in pressure

39
Q

features of empty bladder

A

pyramidal

lies in pelvis

40
Q

features of full bladder

A

more spherical

expands superiorly into abdominal cavity

41
Q

location of bladder in males and females

A

males: anterior to rectum, superior to prostate
females: anterior to vagina and uterus

42
Q

3 layers of bladder wall

A
  1. transitional epithelium
  2. detrusor muscle
  3. adventitia
43
Q

detrusor muscle

A

specialised type of smooth muscle that squeezes urine from the bladder during urination

It is composed of longitudinal, circular and oblique fibres in a disorganised arrangement

44
Q

urethra

A

thin-walled muscular tube that drains urine from the body and expels it out of the body

45
Q

changes in epithelium in urethra

A

Transitional epithelium near the bladder

Columnar epithelium in the middle

Stratified squamous epithelium near the external opening - for protection

46
Q

2 urethral sphincters

A

internal urethral sphincter - junction of bladder and urethra, detrusor muscle under parasympathetic control (involuntary)

external urethral sphincter - where urethra passes through urogenital diaphragm, skeletal muscle under somatic control (voluntary)

47
Q

urination reflex

A

Bladder fills with urine and expands

AP to brain

Urgency increases as signals increase

Inner sphincter relaxes

Conscious relaxation of external sphincter

Issues with control - pregnancy, other issues leading to incontinence

48
Q

male urethra

A

longer (25cm)

part of reproductive system

3 sections: prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile

49
Q

urethra in females

A

shorter (5cm)

separate from reproductive system

HUBS192 Renal system (3 decks)

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