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Medicine Year 2 > Renal - Anatomy > Flashcards

Renal - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes the upper urinary tract?

A

Kidneys and ureters

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2
Q

What constitutes the lower urinary tract?

A

The bladder and the urethra

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3
Q

Where might an upper urinary tract infection spread to?

A

The kidneys

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4
Q

What type of urinary tract infection involves the urethra and bladder?

A

Lower urinary tract infection

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5
Q

Where do the kidneys and proximal ureters lie?

A

The abdomen

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6
Q

Which parts of the urinary tract lie in the pelvis?

A

Distal ureters
The bladder
Proximal urethra

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7
Q

Where does the distal urethra lie?

A

The perineum

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8
Q

Are the kidneys intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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9
Q

What structures are found at the renal hilum?

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter

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10
Q

Which 3 muscle layers make up the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversal abdominis

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11
Q

What are the layers of peritoneum, fat and fascia around the kidneys?

A 
Anterior to posterior:
Visceral peritoneum
Paranephric fat
Renal fascia 
Perinephric fat
Renal Capsule
Kidney
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12
Q

Is the IVC closer to the right or left kidney?

A

Right

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13
Q

Which kidney sits higher? Left or right?

And why?

A

Left

Because the right is pushed down by the liver

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14
Q

What vertebral levels fo the kidneys sit at?

A 
Left = T12-L2
Right = L1-L3
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15
Q

Do the kidneys move superiority or inferiorly on inspiration? And why?

A

Inferiorly
This is because the lungs inflate which pushes the diaphragm inferiorly which in turn pushes the liver/spleen inferiorly which pushes on the superior poles of the kidneys pushing them inferiorly.
Therefore they move superiorly on EXpiration

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16
Q

What does the right kidney sit posteriorly to?

A

The liver (and hepatorenal recess of the peritoneal cavity)
2nd part of the duodenum
Ascending colon
Right colic flexure/hepatic flexure

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17
Q

What does the left kidney lie posterior to?

A

Stomach
Tail of the pancreas
Hilum of the spleen
Splenic vessels

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18
Q

Which lies anterior the renal veins or arteries?

A

VEINS anterior to ARTERIES

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19
Q

Are the common iliac arteries anterior or posterior to the common iliac veins?

A

Anterior

Arteries anterior, veins posterior

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20
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate at?

And what does it bifurcate to form?

A

The level of the umbilicus

Become the right and left common iliac arteries.

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21
Q

Where does lymph from the kidneys drain?

And where are these nodes found?

A

The lumbar nodes

Found around the abdominal aorta and IVC

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22
Q

Which two places does lymph from the ureters drain to?

And where are these located?

A

The lumbar nodes:
Found around the abdominal aorta and IVC
AND
The iliac nodes:
Found around the common, internal and external iliac vessels

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23
Q

Branches from which arteries make up the ureteric arterial supply? (Blood supply to the Ureters)

A 
Renal artery
Abdominal artery
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Vesical (bladder) artery
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24
Q

Which two types of abdominal aortic aneurysm can cause renal artery stenosis and why?

A

Infra-renal AAA:
Both the AAA and the stenosis cause by atherosclerosis
Supra-renal AAA:
Aneurysm causes an occlusion of the proximal renal artery

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25
Q

What are the names of the outer and inner parts of the kidney?

A

Outer cortex

Inner Medulla

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26
Q

What is found within the medulla of the kidneys?

A

Renal pyramids containing around 50,000 nephrons each

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27
Q

What is the order of the parts of the nephron?

A 
Glomerulus 
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule 
Collecting duct
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28
Q

What is the job of the glomerulus?

A

Ultrafiltration of the blood arriving from the branches of the renal artery

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29
Q

Where does the urine pass through after leaving the collecting duct of the nephrons because it gets to the ureter?

A 
Collecting duct
Minor calyx 
Major calyx
Renal pelvis 
Ureter
30
Q

Where are the main sites that the ureter can become constricted?

A

Pelviureteric junction (where the ureter begins at the renal hilum)

Where the ureter crosses anteriorly to the common iliac artery

Ureteric orifice (Where the ureter drains into the bladder)

31
Q

What can renal calculi (stones) be formed by?

A

Urine calcium salts

32
Q

What does the ureter do when there is a obstruction?

A

Increased peristalsis proximal to the obstruction (to try and remove it to the bladder) in waves resulting in colicky pain

33
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

“Water inside the kidney”

Urine back pressure into the kidneys causing renal failure and an enlargement of the kidney and stretches the renal capsule

34
Q

What constitutes the ‘fake pelvis’?

A

From the iliac crests to the pelvic inlet

35
Q

What constitutes the ‘true pelvis’ (pelvic cavity)?

A

Pelvic inlet to pelvic floor

36
Q

What are your pelvic floor muscles?

A

Levator ani (pelvic diaphragm)

37
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Shallow compartment between pelvic floor and skin

38
Q

At what level do the ureter enter the posterior aspect of the bladder?

A

Ischial spine

39
Q

In what direction do the ureters enter the bladder and why?

A

Inferomedial direction to prevent reflux of urine when the bladder contracts

40
Q

What is another name for the pouch of Douglas? And where is it?

A

Rectouterine pouch

Pouch in the peritoneal cavity that sits between the rectum and the uterus

41
Q

What is the name of the pouch in the peritoneal cavity anterior to the pouch of Douglas?

A

The vesicles-uterine pouch (between the uterus and the bladder)

42
Q

What does the ureter run inferiorly to in males and females respectively?

A 
Males = Vas deferens 
Females = Uterine tubes and uterine artery
43
Q

The arteries entering the pelvis are mainly branches from which artery?

A

Internal iliac artery

44
Q

Where do veins from the pelvis drain to?

A

Internal iliac vein

45
Q

What is the ‘trigone’ and what makes it up?

A

Triangle shape on the internal aspect of the bladder formed by:
2 ureteric orifices
Internal urethral orifice

46
Q

Where does the prostate lie in relationship to the bladder in the male pelvis?

A

Prostate inferior to the bladder

47
Q

What is the name of the muscle that makes up the main bulk of the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle (de-trouser to pee)

48
Q

What is the muscle that the detrusor muscle forms at the top of the urethra?
And what does it do in men during ejaculation and why?

A

Internal urethral sphincter muscle

Contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation of semen back into the bladder

49
Q

What are the two methods of catheterising a patients bladder?

A

Urethral

Suprapubic

50
Q

What are the different parts of the male urethra?

A 
Internal urethral orifice
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
Prostatic urethra 
External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
Spongy urethra 
External urethral orifice
51
Q

Where do the testes move from and to during feral development?

A

From the posterior abdomen through the inguinal canal to the scrotum

52
Q

What structure are found in the spermatic cord?

A 
Testicular artery 
Testicular vein 
Vas deferens 
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves (autonomic and somatic)
53
Q

What 2 parts make up the nephron?

A

The renal corpuscle and the renal tubules

54
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

The glomerulus and the bowmans capsule (squamous epithelium)

55
Q

What are podocytes?

A

The special endothelial cells that lie on top of the glomerular capillaries

56
Q

What is the epithelium of the thick ascending limb on the loop of Henle?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells

57
Q

What are the vasa recta?

A

Thin blood vessels surrounding the loop of Henle

58
Q

Where is the loop of Henle found?

A

In the medulla of the kidney

59
Q

Where are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules found?

A

The renal cortex

60
Q

What is the difference between the simple cuboidal epithelial cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

A

The proximal convoluted tubule cells have a brush border of microvilli and the DCT cells do not.

61
Q

What three components make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

The macula densa
Lacis cells
Juxtaglomerular cells

62
Q

What type of epithelium layers the conducting parts of the urinary tract? (Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pevis etc.)

A

Transitional epithelium (aka urothelium)

63
Q

What is the name of the sac that the testes sit in?

A

Tunica vaginalis

64
Q

What is the name for given to excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis?

A

Hydrocele

65
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform venous plexus

66
Q

Where do the right and left gonadal veins drain to?

A 
Right = straight into IVC 
Left = Left renal vein
67
Q

What passes through the deep inguinal ring?

A 
Testicular artery
Testicular vein
Vas deferens 
Lymphatic
Nerves
68
Q

Where would you find the epididymis and what tubules come before it and drain into it?

A

The posterior aspect of the testis

Seminiferous tubules

69
Q

What are the 3 tissue sections in the body of the penis?

A

Right and left corpus cavernosum

Corpus spongiosum

70
Q

Branches from which artery supply:

  1. The penis?
  2. The scrotum?
A
  1. The internal pudendal artery

2. Internal pudendal AND external iliac artery

71
Q

Where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis (not the glans) drain to?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

72
Q

Where does lymph from the testes drain to?

A

The lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta

Medicine Year 2 (2 decks)

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