Renal Flashcards
What percentage of CO do kidneys receive?
20-25%
Autoregulation occurs with MAP between…
…50-150 mmHg
Kidney Responsibilities
- Water conservation
- Electrolyte homeostasis
- Acid-base balance
- Neurohumoral/ hormonal functions
- Waste filtration
Precursors to Renal Disease
- DM
- HTN
- Family history
- > 65 y/o
Of the blood that the kidneys receive for CO, where is the majority of it directed?
Outer Cortex
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
Measurement of volume filtered through glomerular capillaries and into Bowman’s capsule per unit of time
What is the best measure of renal function?
GFR
What do we (mostly) use for GFR measurements?
- Creatinine clearance (most practical & inexpensive)
- Direct measurement of clearance: Creatinine and Inulin
Normal GFR
90 to 140 mL/min/1.73m2
GFR varies with…
- gender
- body weight
- age
GFR decreases…
…1% per year after age 20 (10% per decade after 30)
When the GFR decreases to ______, we start to see clinical manifestations.
GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73m2
% of normal kidney function: Stage 1
90% or more
% of normal kidney function: Stage 2
60-89%
% of normal kidney function: Stage 3
30-59%
% of normal kidney function: Stage 4
15-29%
% of normal kidney function: Stage 5
< 15%
Creatinine Clearance
- Most reliable measure for clinically assessing overall kidney function (GFR)
- Endogenous marker of renal filtration
- Produced at constant rate
- Freely filtered- not reabsorbed**
- Normal = 110-150 mL/min
Most reliable measure for clinically assessing overall kidney function (GFR)?
Creatinine Clearance
Serum Creatinine
- Creatinine is product of muscle metabolism
- Serum creatinine directly r/t body muscle mass
- Can be used to reliably estimate GFR in non-critically ill patient
- rate of creatinine production and its Vd can be abnormal in critcally ill pts
- Normal (reflects differences in skeletal muscle mass):
- Men: 0.8-1.3 mg/dL
- Women: 0.6-1.0 mg/dL
- Slow to reflect acute changes in renal function
- Ex. if acute injury occurs and GFR ↓ from 100 mL/min to 10 mL/min, serum creatinine values do not ↑ for ~ 1 wk
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
- Directly r/t protein catabolism, inversely r/t GFR
- Sometimes used, but not ideal
- Results potentially misleading d/t:
- Dietary intake (high or low protein)
- Co-existing disease (GI bleeding, febrile illness)
- Intravascular fluid volume (dehydration)
- Can see increase in BUN despite normal GFR in situations above
- Normal = 10-20 mg/dL
- Despite extraneous variables: BUN > 50 mg/dL usually reflect ↓GFR/ impaired renal function
- BUN not elevated in kidney dz until GFR ↓to almost 75% of normal
Renal tubular dysfunction
Kidneys do not produce appropriately concentrated urine in presence of a physiologic stimulus for release of ADH
Renal Tubular Function and Integrity: Concentration
- Assessed by measuring urine concentrating ability
- Urine specific gravity > 1.018 = renal tubules adequately able to concentrate urine
Renal Tubular Function and Integrity: Protein
- Presence of protein may reflect renal tubule damage–why we use this as a measure of renal tubular function
-
Proteinuria- relatively common (5%-10% of adults)
- Transient: associated w/ fever, CHF, seizures, pancreatitis, exercise
- Persistent: generally implies renal dz
Patients without renal disease can excrete up to ______ mg of protein per day (greater amounts may be present with exercise).
150 mg
What amount of protein in the urine is considered abnormal and indicative of servere glomerular damage?
> 750 mg/day
Renal Tubular Function and Integrity:
Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENA)
- Measure of percentage of filtered Na+ excreted in urine
- Useful to distinguish hypovolemia and renal injury (differentiate b/t prerenal and renal causes of azotemia)
- FENA > 2% (or urine Na+ concentration > 40 mEq/L) reflects ↓ ability of renal tubules to conserve Na+ and is consistent w/ tubular dysfunction
- FENA < 1% (or urine Na+ excretion < 20 mEq/L) occurs when normally functioning tubules are conserving Na+ and is suggestive of prerenal azotemia
Renal Tubular Function and Integrity: Urinalysis
- Useful for renal tubular dysfunction and urinary tract disease
- Detects presence of:
- Protein
- Glucose
- Acetoacetate
- Blood
- Leukocytes
- Urine pH & solute concentrations (specific gravity) determined
- Microscopy used to identify cells, casts, microorganisms, crystals
Microhematuria found in U/A may reflect what?
- Glomerulonephritis
- Renal calculi
- CA of the GU tract
RBC casts found in U/A may reflect what?
Acute glomerulonephritis
WBC casts found in U/A may reflect what?
Pyelonephritis
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized by…
- Deterioration of renal function- hrs to days
- Failure to excrete waste products
- Failure to maintain fluid & electrolyte homeostasis
Diagnosis of AKI
- Increase in serum creatinine > 0.3 mg/ dL in 48 hrs or > 50% increase over 7 days
- Acute drop in urine: < 0.5 mL/kg/h for > 6 hrs (oliguria)
- Severe injury: UO < 100 mL/day
- Diagnostic biomarkers & urinalysis
S&S of AKI
- Generalized malaise
- Fluid overload
- dyspnea
- edema
- HTN
- Nausea
- Confusion
- Hematuria
- ** Caution: encephalopathy, coma, seizures, death
AKI Definition: Society of Thoracic Surgeons
new dialysis
OR
rise in serum creatinine >2 mg/dL,
50% increase in serum creatinine
AKI Definition: The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Group
Creatinine rise of:
50% as “risk”
100% “injury”
200% “failure”
(RIFLE criteria)
AKI Definition: Acute Kidney Injury Network
1.5X or 0.3 mg/dL creatinine rise w/in 48-hr period
OR
> 6hrs of oliguria (modified RIFLE)
AKI Definition:
Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes
(KDIGO)
↑ in serum creat at least 0.3 mg/dL w/in 48 hrs
OR
↑ in serum creat 1.5X baseline w/in prior 7 days
OR
UOP < 0.5 mL/kg/h X 6 hrs
KDIGO definiton of AKI
Creatinine Criteria
Stage 1
Cr 1.5-1.9X baseline
OR
Cr increase >0.3 mg/dL
KDIGO definiton of AKI
Creatinine Criteria
Stage 2
Cr 2-2.9X baseline
KDIGO definiton of AKI
Creatinine Criteria
Stage 3
Cr > 3X baseline
OR
Cr > 4 mg/dL
OR
Initiation of Dialysis
KDIGO definiton of AKI
Urine Output Criteria
Stage 1
< 0.5 mL/kg/hr X 6-12 hrs
KDIGO definiton of AKI
Urine Output Criteria
Stage 2
< 0.5 mL/kg/hr for > 12 hrs