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AP2 B4 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

In to something

A

Afferent

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2
Q

Out of something

A

Efferent

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3
Q

Regulate blood ionic composition

Regulate blood volume

Regulate blood pressure

Maintain blood osmolarity

Produce certain hormones

Regulate blood glucose levels

Excrete wastes and foreign substances

A

Functions of the Kidneys

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4
Q

Functions of the Kidneys

A

Regulate blood ionic composition

Regulate blood volume

Regulate blood pressure

Maintain blood osmolarity

Produce certain hormones

Regulate blood glucose levels

Excrete wastes and foreign substances

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5
Q

Helps to regulate blood levels of ions like sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), chloride (Cl-), and phosphate (HPO42-)

A

ionic composition

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6
Q

Kidneys excrete variable amount of hydrogen ions (H+) into urine and conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-); bicarb is important buffer of H+

A

Regulate blood pH

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7
Q

Adjust blood volume by conserving or eliminating water into the urine

A

Regulate blood volume

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8
Q

Kidneys excrete enzyme renin, this activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway; increased renin = increased blood pressure

A

Regulate blood pressure

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9
Q

Separately regulates loss of water and loss of solutes in urine, kidneys maintain relatively constant osmolarity close to 300mOsm/liter

A

Maintain blood osmolarity

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10
Q

Like the liver, the kidneys can use amino acid ____ in gluconeogenesis, which can then release new glucose into the blood stream to help maintain normal level

A

glutamine

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11
Q

Kidneys produce the hormones ____ (active form of Vitamin D) ____ (stimulates production of RBC’s) and ___ (hormone/enzyme)

A

calcitriol

erythropoietin

renin

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12
Q

Wastes produced by kidney?

A

Ammonia

Bilirubin

Creatinine

Uric Acid

Diet

Drugs

Environmental toxins

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13
Q

Partially protected by the __ and ___ ribs

A

11th and 12th

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14
Q

Concave ___ border (Hilum) faces the spinal column

A

medial

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15
Q

Waste from deamination of amino acids?

A

ammonia & urea

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16
Q

Waste from catabolism of hemoglobin?

A

bilirubin

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17
Q

Waste from breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers?

A

creatinine

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18
Q

Waste from the catabolism of nucleic acids?

A

uric acid

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19
Q

Outermost layer of kidney

A

renal fascia

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20
Q

Dense connective tissue anchors kidney to surrounding structure and retroperitoneal wall

A

renal fascia

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21
Q

Middle layer

A

Adipose capsule

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22
Q

Fatty tissue surrounding renal capsule, protection and holds kidney in place in cavity (aka “renal fat pad”)

A

Adipose capsule

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23
Q

Innermost layer

innermost EXTERNAL layer

A

renal capsule

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24
Q

Smooth, transparent connective tissue covering that is CONTINUOUS with ureters; helps maintain shape of kidney and offers protection

A

renal capsule

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25
Q

KNOW SLIDE 27 – function and anatomy

A

Function and anatomy

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26
Q

Contains all of the glomeruli and convoluted tubules of nephrons

Also makes the columns that lay between pyramids

A

Cortex

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27
Q

Cortex

A

Contains all of the glomeruli and convoluted tubules of nephrons

Also makes the columns that lay between pyramids

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28
Q

Contains all of the loops of Henle and collecting ducts

Collection of all renal pyramids comprise the medulla

all the renal pyramids

A

medulla

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29
Q

medulla

A

Contains all of the loops of Henle and collecting ducts

Collection of all renal pyramids comprise the medulla

all the renal pyramids

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30
Q

one portion of the medulla

8-18 per kidney

A

Pyramid

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31
Q

Pyramid

A

one portion of the medulla

8-18 per kidney

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32
Q

narrow apex of the pyramid

Contains the papillary duct leading to minor calyx

A

papilla

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33
Q

papilla

A

narrow apex of the pyramid

Contains the papillary duct leading to minor calyx

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34
Q

space between renal pyramids

Is a portion of the renal cortex

A

Column

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35
Q

a functional region within the kidney

Pyramid (medulla) + overlying cortex + ½ each adjacent column (cortex)

A

Lobe

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36
Q

small chambers that collect urine directly from papilla

8-18 each kidney

A

Minor calyx

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37
Q

larger chambers that collect urine from multiple minor calyces

2-3 each kidney, extensions of ureters

A

Major calyx

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38
Q

major calyces drain into one large chamber (pelvis),

A

Renal pelvis

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39
Q

This mixes/collects all urine from entire kidney

Connects to the ureter outside of the kidney

A

Renal pelvis

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40
Q

The kidney is 3-dimensional, so in between the other structures there are spaces that house some adipose tissue, the blood vessels, and nerve supply

A

Renal sinuses

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41
Q

Indentation of kidney where ureter emerges with blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves

(a region)

A

renal hilum

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42
Q

Renal blood flow is ___ per minute

Starts at aortic level and then branches from there into smaller vessels

A

1200mL

600mL per kidney
Total amount of blood in adult is 4500-5500mL

43
Q

Specialized capillary called a ___ is involved in this flow

A

glomerulus

44
Q

This glomerulus allows for ____, but not ___

A

filtration but NO REABSORPTION

Exits out of glomerulus, no entrance back into it

45
Q

SLIDE 35 Know the blood supply

A

ok

46
Q

Blood enters through a ___ and gets filtered through the glomerulus, then exits the ____ to flow into a capillary

A

corpuscle

47
Q

Blood is filtered in the ___ , where things can be removed only

A

glomerulus

48
Q

When in the ____, blood will still act like it does in any other capillary in the body – stuff will move in and out of the capillaries depending on pressure

A

peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

49
Q

This capillary action at the _____ acts as a secondary filter

Depending on the body’s needs, it can reabsorb/secrete more water/solutes as needed

A

peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

50
Q

As blood flows through, certain substances are removed from blood and placed into the urinary tubular system.This is known as ____

A

This is known as filtrate

51
Q

Filtrate is first found in the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

From there is flows through the tubules and then into collecting ducts

While in these ducts, things can still be added to it, or removed from it

A

ok

52
Q

Once the filtrate leaves the ____, it is then called urine

A

collecting duct

53
Q

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Tubule

A

Nephron

54
Q

Glomerulus

Glomerular capsule (aka Bowman’s capsule)

A

Renal Corpuscle- where blood is filtered (two parts)

55
Q

Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT)- attached to capsule

Loop of Henle (nephron loop)- middle section

Distal Convoluted tubule (DCT)- distant from capsule, empty into collecting duct

A

Renal Tubule- filtered contents (from blood; three parts)

56
Q

Renal Tubule- filtered contents (from blood; three parts)

A

Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT)- attached to capsule

Loop of Henle (nephron loop)- middle section

Distal Convoluted tubule (DCT)- distant from capsule, empty into collecting duct

57
Q

Corpuscle and both convoluted tubules reside in ____

Only Loop of Henle extends into the renal ____

A

cortex

medulla

58
Q

Renal corpuscles lie in outer portion of renal cortex

Short loops of Henle

Just barely reach into outer region of medulla

Peritubular capillaries only

A

Cortical nephron

59
Q

Most of our nephrons are (85%)?

A

Cortical nephrons

60
Q

Cortical nephron

A

Renal corpuscles lie in outer portion of renal cortex

Short loops of Henle

Just barely reach into outer region of medulla

Peritubular capillaries only

61
Q

Renal corpuscles lie deep in the renal cortex

Long loops of Henle

Reach deep into medulla

Peritubular capillaries that give rise to the Vasa recta
Vasa recta: capillary bed that extends into medulla surrounding the Loop of Henle

A

Juxtamedullary nephron – 15% of nephrons

62
Q

Renal corpuscles lie in the outermost portion of the cortex

Descending limb of loop of Henle barely dips into the renal medulla

After a hairpin turn, the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle returns to the cortex

A

Cortical Nephrons

63
Q

Renal corpuscles lie in the cortex

Descending limb of loop of Henle dives deep into the renal medulla

Anatomy lends to very dilute and/or concentrated urine

After a hairpin turn, the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle climbs back to the cortex

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

64
Q

In the ___ only, a specialized capillary system exists coming off of these peritubular capillaries (see next slide)

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

65
Q

Coming from the peritubular capillaries, this type of capillary system dives deep into the renal medulla

Flows side by side each of the loops of Henle so that things can: Flow out of the capillaries and into the filtrate as well as
Out of the filtrate and into the capillaries

The design with the use of vasa recta is extremely important for keeping a constant osmotic (pressure) gradient so that things can flow in and out

A

Vasa Recta of juxtamedullary nephron

66
Q

The arteriole coming into the corpuscle/glomerulus

Brings blood in for filtration

Wider lumen, thicker walls

Has much more capability to constrict or dilate when compared to efferent arteriole

A

Afferent arteriole

67
Q

Ball of twine-like capillary structure that buds off of the afferent arteriole

A

Glomerulus

68
Q

Modified simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes

A

Glomerulus

69
Q

Podocytes have fingerlike projections (____) that wrap around the glomerular capillaries

(glomerulus)

A

pedicels

70
Q

leaving the corpuscle/glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

71
Q

Brings blood with larger solutes (i.e. proteins) into the peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta) and then back into systemic circulation

A

Efferent arteriole

72
Q

Smaller lumen size, thinner walls

Smaller lumen size aids in back-pressure sometimes needed for glomerular filtration (continued later in lecture)

A

Efferent arteriole

73
Q

A single layer of epithelial cells forms the ___ wall of the glomerular capsule, renal tubule, and ducts

A

entire

Each section of cells has minor differences that allow for different functions

74
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells with prominent microvilli brush-border facing lumen (apical surface)

A

PCT- proximal convoluted tubule

75
Q

Microvilli increase surface area for absorption and secretion

A

PCT- proximal convoluted tubule

76
Q

Simple squamous epithelial cells

A

Loop of Henle

77
Q

Principal cells- receptors for ADH and aldosterone

Intercalated cells- help play a role in blood pH

A

DCT- distal convoluted tubule

78
Q

receptors for ADH/aldosterone in DCT?

A

Principal cells

79
Q

Play a role in blood pH (DCT)?

A

intercalated cells

80
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells that also contain:
Principal cells- receptors for ADH and aldosterone
Intercalated cells- help play a role in blood pH

A

Collecting Duct

81
Q

The fluid that enters the afferent arteriole and into the glomerulus

The fluid that gets “filtered” in the glomerulus

The leftover blood/serum and components not filtered into the glomerular capsule, leave the corpuscle via the efferent arteriole

A

Blood/Serum

82
Q

The leftover blood/serum and components not filtered into the glomerular capsule, leave the corpuscle via the ___

A

efferent arteriole

83
Q

The fluid/solutes that were filtered out of blood at the glomerulus

The fluid/solutes that enters the renal tubular system at the glomerular capsule

Fluid/solutes can still be reabsorbed/secreted over and over again

A

Filtrate

84
Q

The fluid that gets “filtered” in the glomerulus

A

Blood/Serum

85
Q

Once the filtrate leaves the collecting ducts, it is now called “urine”

A

Urine

86
Q

Tubular secretion?

A

slide 64

87
Q

water and many solutes found in blood move across the wall of the glomerulus, into the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) and into tubules

A

Glomerular filtration

88
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

water and many solutes found in blood move across the wall of the glomerulus, into the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) and into tubules

89
Q

water and solutes that are now flowing through the tubule system can get reabsorbed (~99% of filtrate is reabsorbed back into bloodstream)

A

Tubular reabsorption

90
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

water and solutes that are now flowing through the tubule system can get reabsorbed (~99% of filtrate is reabsorbed back into bloodstream)

91
Q

due to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, there is still the chance to dump unwanted materials into the filtrate such as wastes, drugs, excess ions

A

Tubular secretion

92
Q

Tubular secretion

A

due to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, there is still the chance to dump unwanted materials into the filtrate such as wastes, drugs, excess ions

93
Q

once out of the collecting duct, there is no more opportunity for exchange; expelling waste matter

A

Excretion

94
Q

Excretion

A

once out of the collecting duct, there is no more opportunity for exchange; expelling waste matter

95
Q

___ liters of urine produced a day

A

1-2

96
Q

Glomerular capillaries and ___ form a “leaky” barrier in the capsule

A

podocytes

Loosely packed- allows water and certain solutes to pass into capsular space

Prevents most plasma proteins, blood cells, platelets from getting into capsular space

97
Q

three layers of filtration

A

fenestrations of endothelial cells

basement membrane/basal lamina

slit membranes

98
Q

Prevents blood cells from passing, but allows all other components of blood plasma through

A

Fenestrations of endothelial cells (inner most layer of capillary)

99
Q

Prevents large proteins from passing through

A

Basement membrane/Basal lamina (middle layer of capillary)

100
Q

Prevents filtration of most other proteins

A

Slit membranes between pedicels (podocyte arms; outer most layer of capillary)

101
Q

Interspersed throughout the glomerular capillaries

A

Mesangial Cells

102
Q

Regulate surface area available for filtration

A

Mesangial Cells

103
Q

When relaxed, surface area is maximal

When contracted, reduced area available

A

Mesangial Cells

AP2 B4 (3 decks)

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