Renal

Question 1

Name 2 loop diuretics

Answer 1

Furosemide

Bumetanide

Question 2

What is the use of loop diuretics?

Answer 2

Fluid overload

Question 3

What is the MOA of loop diuretics?

Answer 3

Inhibit Na+K+Cl- transporter in loop of Henle, leading to decreased reabsorption of ions and therefore increased water loss

Question 4

Name some common side effects of loop diuretics

Answer 4

Hypokalaemia
Hyponatraemia
Dehydration

Question 5

Why do you need to be cautious when using loop diuretics and thiazide-like diuretics together?

Answer 5

They both have side effects of hypokalaemia - could lead to severe hypokalaemia

Question 6

Name 2 thiazide-like diuretics.

Answer 6

Bendroflumethiazide

Indapamide

Question 7

What is the MOA of thiazide-like diuretics?

Answer 7

Inhibits NaCl channel in the distal convoluted tubule, leads to decreased Na+ and water reabsorption

Question 8

What are the uses of thiazide-like diuretics?

Answer 8

Fluid overload

Hypertension

Question 9

Name some side-effects of thiazide-like diuretics.

Answer 9

Hyponatraemia
Hypokalaemia
Dehydration

Question 10

Why do you have to be cautious when giving ACEi/ARBs with K+ sparing diuretics?

Answer 10

They both have hyperkalaemia as a side-effect therefore risk is increased.

Question 11

What are the uses of K+ sparing diuretics?

Answer 11

Hypertension
Heart failure
K+ losing tubulopathies

Question 12

Name 2 K+ sparing diuretics.

Answer 12

Epithelial Na+ channel blocker - amiloride

Aldosterone antagonist - spironolactone

Question 13

What is the MOA of K+ sparing diuretics?

Answer 13

Either block epithelial Na+ channels or antagonise the action of aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptors.

Question 14

Name some common side effects of K+ sparing diuretics.

Answer 14

Hyperkalaemia

Gynaecomastia

Question 15

Out of loop, thiazide-like and K+ sparing diuretics, which can cause hypokalaemia and which can cause hyperkalaemia?

Answer 15

Loop and thiazide - hypokalaemia

K+ - hyperkalaemia

Question 16

What are the uses of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 16

Glaucoma

Benign intracranial hypertension

Question 17

What drug class are acetazolamide and brinzolamide?

Answer 17

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 18

What is the MOA of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 18

Inhibits carbonic anhydrase, which leads to reduced formation of H+ and HCO3- in the renal tubule, promoting the excretion of Na+, K+, HCO3- and H20

Question 19

Name some common steroids.

Answer 19

Prednisolone
Dexamethasone
Hydrocortisone

Question 20

What are the main indications for steroids?

Answer 20

To suppress inflammation, allergy and immune responses

Question 21

Name some side-effects of long-term steroid use

Answer 21

Susceptibility to infections
Osteoporosis
Muscle wasting
Skin thinning
Cushingoid appearance