Renal Flashcards
In ADPCKD, what causes progressive renal failure in patients? (2)
Patients get progressive renal failure from recurrent episodes of pyelonephritis and nephrolithiasis.
What % of patients with ADPCKD develop ESRD and what happens to the remaining %?
50% of patients develop ESRD by their late 50s and 60s. The others have a normal lifespan.
What five things does ADPCKD present with?
- Flank pain
- Hematuria
- Infection
- Kidney Stones
- HTN
What is one neurovascular complication of ADPCKD?
Intracerebral berry aneurysms (most do not rupture).
What confirms a diagnosis of ADPCKD?
Ultrasound
How does one treat ADPCKD
No curative therapy is available. Drain cysts if they are symptomatic, treat hypertension and infections
What two pathological process categorize ARPCKD?
- Hepatic fiborsis
2. Cysts in renal collecting ducts
What are some hepatic complications of ARPCKD? (2)
Portal HTN and cholangitis
What is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period for patients with ARPCKD?
Pulmonary insufficiency from pulmonary hypoplasia
Besides pulmonary insufficiency and liver diseases what is one major symptom of ARPCKD?
Hypertension
What is seen in pregnant women with a baby with ARPCKD?
Oligohydramnios (decreased amniotic fluid)
How is ARPCKD treated?
Manage respiratory issues in newborns, and treat ESRD with renal replacement therapy
What is the underlying pathological cause of medullary sponge kidney?
Cystic dilation of the collecting ducts
What types of diseases are associated with medullary sponge kidney?
Hyperparathyroidsm and parathyroid adenoma
What are some symptoms of medullary sponge kidney?
Hematuria, UTI, kidney stones
Simple renal cysts increase with ______
Age
What is the treatment for simple renal cysts
Most are discovered incidentally and are usually asymptomatic. No treatment is necessary in most cases
What are three broad categories of injuries that can lead to acute kidney injuries?
Pre-renal, intra-renal, post-renal
What are 4 broad causes of pre-renal acute kidney injury?
- Pump problems (affect heart) = MI, CHF
- Leaky pipes (affect blood vessels) = nephrosis (nephrotic syndrome), gastrosis (GI loss of proteins), cirrhosis (loss of proteins), or malnutrition
- Hole in pipe = diarrhea, dehydration, diuresis, hemorrhage
- Clog = fibromuscular dysplasia in young women or atherosclerosis buildup in older person which leads to renal artery stenosis
What are three broad causes of intrarenal acute kidney injuries?
- Things that affect the glomerulus (glomerulonephritis)
- Things that affect the tubules (acute tubular necrosis)
- Things that affect the nephron’s interstitum (acute interstitial nephritis)
What are three broad causes of post-renal acute kidney injury?
- Affects ureter = cancer or stones
- Affects bladder = cancer, stones or neurogenic bladder
- Affects uretera = cancer, stones, BPH, or kinked foley
What kind of casts are seen in glomerulonephritis?
RBC casts