renal

Question 1

Anatomical location of the kidneys?

Answer 1

Bilateral between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae.

Question 2

What is the kidney composed of?

Answer 2

1. outer cortex containing the glomeruli

2. inner medulla containing the tubules and collecting ducts that drain into the calyces.

Question 3

The calyces join to form what?

Answer 3

The renal pelvis.

Question 4

What are the calyces continuous with?

Answer 4

The upper end of the ureter.

Question 5

What is the urine forming unit of the kidney?

Answer 5

The nephron

Question 6

What are nephrons composed of?

Answer 6

1. glomerulus
2. proximal tubule
3. hairpin loops of Henle
4. distal tubule
5. collecting duct

Question 7

The glomerulus contains loops of capillaries that loop in what structure?

Answer 7

Bowman capsule

Question 8

Filtration membrane for the formation of primary urine is found where?

Answer 8

capillary walls

Question 9

What are the layers of glomerular capillary?

Answer 9

1. endothelium
2. basement membrane
3. epithelium

Question 10

The epithelium is composed of ________ that interlock to provide _________ ______.

Answer 10

podocytes, filtration slits

Question 11

What structures lie between and support the glomerular capillaries in the Bowman capsule?

Answer 11

Mesangial cells and matrix

Question 12

What cells secrete renin and are located around the afferent arteriole?

Answer 12

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 13

What cells are located around the afferent arteriole?

Answer 13

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 14

What are contiguous with juxtaglomerular cells and are located in the DCT?

Answer 14

sodium sensing macula densa cells

Question 15

What is the name of the space between the visceral and parietal epithelium?

Answer 15

The Bowman capsule

Question 16

The proximal tubule is lined with _________to increase surface are and enhance reabsorption

Answer 16

microvilli

Question 17

What is the function of the hair-pin shaped loops of Henle?

Answer 17

selectively transport solutes and water, contributing to the hypertonic state of the medulla

Question 18

What structure adjusts acid base balance by excreting acid into the urine and forming new bicarb ions?

Answer 18

distal tubule

Question 19

What are the purpose of principal cells?

Answer 19

They resorb sodium and water and excrete potassium and intercalated cells that secrete hydrogen or bicarb and potassium

Question 20

Where are principal and intercalated cells located?

Answer 20

The collecting duct

Question 21

What do intercalated cells do?

Answer 21

secrete hydrogen or bicarbonate and potassium

Question 22

What extends from the renal pelvis to the posterior wall of the bladder?

Answer 22

Ureters

Question 23

Where are the kidneys located?

Answer 23

retroperitoneal/posterior

Question 24

What is the function of the renal pyramid?

Answer 24

where urine is produced

Question 25

What is the renal papilla?

Answer 25

Forms urine. It’s the apex of the pyramid.

Question 26

What structure drains into the minor calyces?

Answer 26

Renal papilla

Question 27

What is the function of minor calyces?

Answer 27

collect urine from the renal pyramids

Question 28

What is the function of major calyces?

Answer 28

collect urine from 2-3 minor calyces

Question 29

This structure collects urine from the major calyces and forms a “duct” that becomes continuous with the ureter

Answer 29

renal pelvis

Question 30

What are the three areas in which a kidney stone is most likely to be lodged?

Answer 30

1. junction of renal pelvis and ureter (ureteropelvic junction)
2. as ureter passes over pelvic brim
3. as the ureter enters the bladder

Question 31

The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates

Answer 31

1. renal blood flow
2. glomerular filtration
3. renin secretion

Question 32

What is the RBF?

Answer 32

Volume of blood flow through the glomerular capillaries of both kidneys per min

RBF = 1.2 L/min

Approx. 20-30% of CO

Question 33

RPF

Answer 33

Renal plasma flow. Volume plasma flowing through glomerular capillaries of both kidneys per minute.

Avg RPF = 600-700 ml/min

RPF = RBF x (1.00 - Hct) should be 660 ml/min

Question 34

GFR

Answer 34

Volume of plasma that is filtered into Bowman’s capsule.

Indicator of glomerular health! 120 ml/min

GFR = 20% x RPF
.2 x 600 ml/min

Question 35

What % of RPF travels to the peri tubular capillaries/vasa recta?

Answer 35

Approx. 80%

Question 36

How much of the GFR is re absorbed back into the bloodstream?

Answer 36

Approx. 98-99% re absorbed into the peri tubular caps/vasa recta.

Question 37

Filtration Fraction (FF)

Answer 37

Ratio of GFR to RPF

Average FF = 0.2

ie 120/660

Question 38

Calculate urine output

Answer 38

Urine output = GFR x 1.5%

120 ml/min x .015 = 1 - 2 ml/min

Question 39

How much plasma do the kidneys filter in a day?

Answer 39

180 L/day

Question 40

Average daily urine output?

Answer 40

1-2 L/day

Question 41

How much does the kidney re absorb each day?

Answer 41

178-179 L/day

Question 42

How long does it take to filter entire plasma volume?

Answer 42

45 min

Question 43

How is RBF / GFR regulated?

Answer 43

1. Auto regulation
2. Neuroregulation
3. Hormonal feedback
   THE NET RESULT OF THE THREE DETERMINES ACTUAL RBF/GFR

Question 44

GFR has what type of relationship with RBF?

Answer 44

They are directly related.
If decrease in RBF, then decrease in GFR

Can go other way too.