Renal

Question 1

Upper urinary tract (kidneys, ureter) causes of hematuria include: (4)

Answer 1

1. Renal stone - Most common cause
2. Glomerulonephritis
3. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
4. Wilms tumor

Question 2

Lower urinary tract (bladder, urethra, prostate) causes of hematuria include: (3)

Answer 2

1. Infection - Most common cause
2. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
   - -> Most common noninfectious cause
3. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
   - -> Most common cause of microscopic hematuria in adult males

Question 3

Drugs associated with hematuria: (2)

Answer 3

1. Anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin)

2. Cyclophosphamide

Question 4

Quantitative test (amount) for proteinuria?

Answer 4

24 hour urine collection (albumin, creatinine)

Question 5

Urinalysis _ General examination 
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)
- Normal range?

Answer 5

1.002 - 1.035

Specific gravity evaluates urine concentration/dilution

Question 6

Urinalysis _ Chemical dipsticks
PROTEIN DIPSTICK
- Qualitative test (yes/no) for proteinuria that detects which protein(s)?

Answer 6

Albumin

Note - Protein dipstick can lead to a false negative when predominant urinary proteins are gobulins
(BJ proteins in multiple myeloma)

Question 7

Urinalysis _ Chemical dipsticks
SULFOSALICYLIC ACID (SSA)
- Qualitative test (yes/no) for proteinuria that detects which protein(s)?

Answer 7

Albumin and globulins

Question 8

Proteinuria is defined as the urinary excretion of:

Answer 8

Protein > 150mg/day

Question 9

Urinalysis _ Chemical dipsticks
GLUCOSE DIPSTICK
- Glucosuria + increased serum glucose?
- Glucosuria + normal serum glucose?

Answer 9

Glucosuria + increased serum glucose: Diabetes mellitus

Glucosuria + normal serum glucose: Normal pregnancy, benign glucosuria (low renal threshold for glucose)

Question 10

Urinalysis _ Chemical dipsticks
KETONE DIPSTICK
- Dipstick detects which ketone(s)?

Answer 10

Ketone dipstick detects acetone and acetoacetate, but does NOT detect beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Nitroprusside in test system only reacts with acetone and acetoacetate

Question 11

Urinalysis _ Chemical dipsticks
BILIRUBIN/UROBILINOGEN (UBG) DIPSTICK
- Dipstick detects which form(s) of bilirubin?
- Increased urine bilirubin + absent urine UBG?
- Increased urine bilirubin + increased urine UBG?
- Absent urine bilirubin + increased urine UBG?

Answer 11

• Bilirubin dipstick detects conjugated/direct (water-soluble); unconjugated/indirect (water-insoluble) bilirubin is never present in the urine

Increased urine bilirubin + absent urine UBG:
–> Obstructive jaundice

Increased urine bilirubin + increased urine UBG:
–> Viral hepatitis

Absent urine bilirubin + increased urine UBG:
–> Extravascular hemolytic anemia