Renal Flashcards
Tumors of kidney
Benign:
Renal papillary adenoma
Angiomyolipoma
Oncocytoma
Mesoblastic nephroma
Malignant: pr- renal cell carcinoma
Urothelial carcinoma of renal pelvis
Wilms tumor
Secondary: blood borne metastasis from lung breast and stomach
Agn
Glomerular disease of kidney which is characterised by inflammation in the glomeruli and is manifested as hematuria, proteinurea with or without edema, azotemia and hypertension
Causes
Pri glomerular disease:
1.acute proliferative glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
3. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
4. IgA nephropathy
Systemic disease
Goodpasture syndrome
Sle
Polyarteritis nodosa
Wegner granulomatosis
Complications
Acute renal failure
Ch glomerulonephritis
Acid base disturbance
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Papillary necrosis
Nephrotic syndrome
It is a glomerular syndrome characterized by massive proteinurea>15gm / day hypoalbuminemia< 3 gm / day
Generalized edema
Hyperlipidemia
Lipidurea
Causes
Pr glomerular disease
1. Minimal change disease
2. Membranous glomerulonephritis
3.membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
4. Iga nephropathy
Systemic
DM
Amyloidosis
Sle
Good pastures synd
Malignancy
Difference between agn and nephrotic syndrome
Agn amt of urine is markedly reduced
NS amt of urine is normal
Agn colour of urine is dark red or smoky
NS color of urine is straw
Agn mild proteinurea
NS massive proteinurea or albuminurea
Agn edema in periorbital region
NS generalized edema
AGN plenty of rbc and rbc casts
NS no rbc but hyaline cast is present
AGN bp increased
NS normal bp
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation affecting tubules interstetium and renal pelvis
Causes: e coli
Proteus
Kleb
Enterbacter
Staphylococcus
Adenovirus
Polyoma virus
Causes of massive proteinurea
Nephrotic syndrome
Toxaemia of preg
Diabetic nephropathy
MM
Amyeloidosis
Causes of proteinurea
Pre renal..
Febrile illness
Htn
Ccf
Hyperthyroidism
Renal
Nephrotic syndrome
Agn
Pyelonephritis
Cgn
Renal tb
Renal calculi
Post renal
Prostatitis
Urethritis
Cystitis
Calculi
Causes of hematuria
Pre renal
Hemmoragic disorders
Sickle cell anaemia
Scurvy
Anticoag overdose
Renal
Renal calculi
Infection
Malignant htn
Pkd
Renal cell ca
Post renal
Trauma
Impaction of stone
Urethritis
Cystitis
Causes of painless henaturia
Glomerulonephritis
Renal tb
Tumors
Bleeding disorders
Anti coag drugs
Causes of painful hematuria
Renal inf
Calculi
Trauma
Pkd
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Causes of uti
Ecoli
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Staph saprophyticus
Staph epidermidis
Glycosurea
Alimentary :
The fasting the 2 hours after blood gluvose values are nornal. But blood glucose at 1/2 hr or 1 hr after is above the renal threshold value thus causes glycosurea
Due to inc rate of absorption of glucose followed by rapid emptying of stomach.
Causes:
partial gastrectomy
Liver disease
Hyperthyroidism
Nornal person
Renal: blood glucose level is normal but sugar is present in urine
Due to lowering of renal threshold value for glucose.
Late pregnancy
Fanconis synd
Young ppl
Wilsons disease
Diabetes mellitus
Acc to who dM is defined as metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterised by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbance in carb protein and fat metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action or both.
Types of dm
Type 1
B cell destruction
Absolute insulin def
Type 2
Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency
Gestational DM
Others
Complications of dm
1.Acute comp
Hypoglycemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Non ketoic hyperosmolar diabetic coma
Lactic acidosis
Chr comp
Macrovascular: atheroschlerosis causing mi stroke htn gangrene
Micro vascular
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Cataract
Glaucoma
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic foot disease
Hyperglycemia
Increased blood glucose levels beyond normal range
Causes
Dm
Igt
Gestational dm
Pancreatic disease
Drugs like corticosteroids
Thiazide diuretics
Hypoglycemia
Blood glucose level decreases below the normal level
Cause
Improper administration of insulin
Insulinoma
Alcohol
Ethanol salicylates
Predisposing illness like
Glycogen storage disease
Addisons disease
Hypopituitarism
Types of acid base disordes
Simple
Metabolic acidosis dec hco3
Metabolic alkalosis inc hco3
Respiratory acidosis inc pco2
Resp alkalosis dec pco2
Mixed
Due to disturbance of hco3 and co2 simultaneously
Metabolic acidosis causes
- Inc prod or dec acid removal
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Prolinged starvation
Lactic acidosis
Methanol poisoning
Renal failure
2.loss of hco3
Prolonged watery diarrheoa
Renal acidosis type 2
Intestinal pancreatic or biliary fistula
Vomiting of intestinal content
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Metabolic alkalosis
Massive blood transfusion
Injudicious ingestion of alkaline drugs nshco3
Severe vomiting causing loss of hcl
Nasogastric suction
Resp acidosis
Chr lung disease
Acute bronchial asthma
Acute pulmonary edema
Myesthenia
Poliomyelitis
Pneumonia
Morphine poisoning
Resp alkalosis
High altitude
High fever
Hysterical attacks
Hepatic failure
Encephalitis
Meningitis
Salicylic acid poisoning
