Renal Flashcards
What type of tissue is found in the bladder?
Transitional epithelial tissue
What muscle is found in the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
Is the urethra longer in males or females?
Males
What is micturition?
The action of urinating
What do stretch receptors in the bladder wall do?
They triger the detrusor muscle to contract AND relaxtion of the internal urethral sphincter
What type of muscle is the detrusor made out of?
Smooth muscle
What type of muscle is the internal urethral sphincter made out of?
smooth muscle
What type of muscle is the external urethral sphincter made out of?
Skeletal (voluntary control)
What type of movement occurs in the ureter?
Peristalsis
What is the inner mucosa of the ureter made up of?
transitional epithelial tissue and scattered goblet cells
What is the function of goblet cells?
They secrete mucin and create a protective layer of mucus
What is the loose adventitial layer of the ureters function?
Collagen and fat anchors to peritoneum and abdominal wall
What is bilirubin?
Substance produced by the breakdown of red blood cells. Passes through the liver and is then excreted out of the body. High levels indicate liver or bile duct problems.
Define oliguria?
300-500ml of urine excereted per day (normal = 1-2L/day). Dehydration or renal disease.
What is normal amount of urine expected to be excreted /day?
1-2L/day
Define polyuria?
Excessive urine production (>2.5L/day).
Diabetes MELLITUS (too high glucose - insufficient insulin)
OR
Diabetes INSIPIDUS (too much urine, can’t retain water. Issue with ADH or vasopressin (not enough or not used properly)).
Define anuria?
Extremely low/absence urine production (<50ml/day). Kindey failure or obstruction (kindey stone, tumour).
What nerves are in the bladder region?
Voluntary control of external urethral sphincter is thanks to pudendal nerves, they arise in sacral region of spinal cord, travelling via sacral plexus.
What is the renal hilum?
Point of entry for blood vessels. Entry and exit site for structures servicing the kidneys (vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureters).
What does retroperitoneal mean?
Sits behind GI system
Where does the initial blood flow come from to go to the kidneys?
Abdominal aorta
What directly gives the blood from the descending abdominal aorta to the kidneys?
The renal artery enters through the hilum (A for away from heart)
Renal artery has multiple branches into kidneys, named?
Segmental branches
What happens after segmental branching of the renal artery
Further branching and then the segmental branches move between renal pyramids then known as: INTERLOBAR BRANCHES (go between lobes = renal pyramids).
Once interlobar branches are at top of renal pyramids what happens?
They turn at a right angle and run horizontally along the renal pyramids and are now known as: ARCUATE ARTERIES (think acute = angle).
What are the branches given off of the arcuate arteries called?
INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES
What are the branches off of the interlobular arteries called?
Afferent arterioles
What do the AFFERENT arterioles do?
Start to move blood into the glomerulus.
What type of muscle are arterioles made out of?
Smooth muscle so that they can change the shape of their diameter.
What is the efferent arteriole?
The efferent arteriole splits from the bundle of afferent arteriole in the glomerulus and wraps around the entirety of the nephron.
What is the function of the nephron?
It is the filtration system of the kidneys
What are the peritubular capillaries of the nephron?
Efferent arteriole leads into peritubular capillaries
Explain the renal Venus system?
The renal vein system is the same as the renal artery system bar the segmental arteries (they skip this section and go straight into the renal vein). The renal vein goes into the inferior vena cava - up to the right atrium.
What is the renal corpuscle?
The blood filtering component of the nephron (consists of glomerulus and bowmans capsule).
What is the inside of the kindey called?
Medulla
What is the outside portion of the kidney called?
Cortex
What type of cells is the outermost layer of the bowmans capsule made out of? (AKA Parietal layer)?
Simple squamous epithelium
What are the unique shaped cells called in the visceral layer?
Podocytes
What is the function of podocytes?
They are kind of like sieves
What is the structure of the podocytes like?
They have hair like projections called pedicels that interdigitate to form a sieve like structure.
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Specialised structure that helps to regulate blod pressure and glomerular filtration rate.
Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?
Where the distal convoluted tubule comes into contact with the afferent arteriole of the nephron.
What are the components of the JGA?
Macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells and extraglomerular mesangial cells.
What do the macula densa do?
They monitor levels of Na+ in the blood filtrate and signal for renin release (increase BP) also release ATP and adenosine.
What do the juxtaglomerular cells do?
Alter size of blood vessels!! (if conc too high, they contract making smaller and lowering glomerular filtration rate) & vise versa.
AND
Macula densa cells regulate the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells. In the end increasing blood pressure.
Where are juxtaglomerular cells located?
In afferent arterioles.
What part of nephron has the most mitochondria?
PCT as the cells in the brush border (helps to absorb and secrete enzymes) use energy so have the most mitochondria.
What type fo cells are found in the PCT?
Simple cuiboidal cells with microvilli brush border.
What is the structure of the thick part of loop of henle?
Simple cuiboidal epithelium
What is the structrue of the thin loop of henle?
Simple squamous epithelium
What type of cells is the DCT made up?
Simple cuboidal cells with a microvilli brush border
What is the main function of the nephron? GENERAL
Balance plasma to homeostatic points and excrete potential toxins.
What are the 3 principle fucntions of the nephron?
Filtration, re-absorption and secretion.
What are the 3 secondary fucntions of the nephron?
- Blood pressure (via renin production).
- RBC production (via EPO).
- Calcium absorption (via calcidiol to calcitriol conversino).
How do the kidneys contribute to RBC production?
The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin, it is produced in response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia) in the blood. EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs.
What is the active form or vitamin D?
Calcitriol (think triol THREE ACTIVE, the larger the more active).
What is the inactive form of vitamin D?
Calcidiol (diol think di = lower means inactive).
