renal Flashcards
What is the overall function of kidneys?
Overall function: maintain homeostasis!
7 main fuctions of kidneys
- Regulate electrolytes
- Regulate water balance
- Maintain pH
*Excrete metabolic waste products
*Excrete foreign compounds
*Secrete hormones:
*Metabolism: convert vitamin D into its active form
- Where are located the kidneys? * What is the functional unit of a kidney?
dorsal touching body wall. r slightly higher. retroperitoneal
Nephron is the functional
unit of the kidney
- Describe the path taken by blood circulating through the kidneys
PATH:
*Renal artery
*Branches to smaller arteries
*Afferent arteriole
*Glomerulus (leaky capillaries)
FILTRATION
*Efferent arteriole
*Peritubular capillaries (aka vasa recta)
*Renal vein
Know how muxh of tubular reabsorption of the main elements (water, sodium, glucose, urea, waste products)
water- 99%
sodium- 99.5
glucose 100
urea 50
waste 0
Know the main elements secreted in all the tubular portion the nephron
sodium, cl, water, urea, k, *Other drugs/toxins/metabolites
- Describe the path taken by the filtrate produced in the kidneys.
- Bowman’s capsule collects the filtrate
from glomerulus - Proximal tubule
- Loop of Henle (descending and ascending
parts) - Distal tubule
- Collecting duct
2 types of nephron and differences
The cortical nephrons are located within the
cortex with the Loop of Henle (L of H) dipping
slightly in the medulla
The juxtamedullary nephrons have their
Bowman’s capsule in the cortex, but their L of H
extends deeply in the medulla
Know what elements are filtered out and not filtered out of the glomerulus
filteres out of blood into urine:plasma, electrolytes, small peptides
not filteres and still in blood: most plasma proteins, RBC, WBC, -ve charged compounds
- Know the 3 forces driving glomerular filtration and how they relate to GFR
capillary blood pressure
plasma-colloid osmotic pressure
bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure
. Know what GFR represents and all the ways the body can regulate it
GFR = Rate of filtrate production in the glomerulus
regulation:
Myogenic stretch mechanism
Tubuloglomerularfeedback
*Aka juxtoglomerular apparatus
Symp NS- consriction/dilation
podocytes- leakyness
def renal clearance
- Measure of how much PLASMAvolume is cleaned of a certain solute per unit of
time
- Know where in the nephron is urine concentration taking place
L of H
ADH function
released by..
controlled by
causes more auquaporins to unlead from vessicles and allows more water to be reabsorbed
post pit
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
barcoreptors
angiostensin 2
Know the importance of the medullaryosmotic gradient.
is essential for the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine and regulate water balance in the body.
REVIEW *Know the factors that may cause variation in urine.
urobilin
RBC
Hb
peptides
mucous
minerals
pH
Understand the different types of kidney stones and the factors that may promote
them.
Struvite Stones (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones):
aused by urinary tract infections (UTIs) that produce urease, which increases the urine’s pH, leading to the formation of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals.
Calcium Oxalate Stones:
Caused by high levels of calcium or oxalate in the urine, often due to dietary factors, dehydration, or metabolic disorders.
