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Kaplan Review > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism of acetozolamide

A

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase –> reduced aqueous humor production –> decreased intraocular pressure

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2
Q

Drug that vasodilates and decreases insulin release

A

Diazoxide (K+ channel opener)

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3
Q

Side effects of acetozolamide

A

Hypokalemia, alkaline urine

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4
Q

Metabolic alkalosis after loop and thiazides diuretics

A

Contraction alkalosis (inhibit tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride –> loss of salt and water –> retention of bicarbonate in ECF)

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5
Q

Inulin space

A

Extracellular space (Interstitial fluid volume + plasma volume)

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6
Q

C3 Nephritic factor

A

Type II Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (stabilized C3 convertase –> overactivation of complement and decreased C3 precursor)

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7
Q

Nephrotic syndrome + HIV/heroin/sickle cell

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

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8
Q

Urine protein > 50 mg/kg/day & serum albumin < 3 g/dL

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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9
Q

Effacement of foot processes on EM

A

Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis OR Minimal change disease

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10
Q

Respiratory alkalosis -> metabolic acidosis

A

Salicylate toxicity

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11
Q

Linear or ribbon-like IF pattern in kidney biopsy

A

anti-GBM disease or diabetes

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12
Q

Vasopressin works where for urea and water reabsorption?

A

Urea- Medullary segment of collecting duct

H20 - Cortical segment of collecting duct

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13
Q

Where is highest osmolarity in kidney?

A

Bottom of loop of Henle

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14
Q

Diuretic associated with decreased risk of kidney stones

A

Thiazides decrease urinary excretion of calcium -> decrease likelihood of calcium oxalate stones

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15
Q

Hormone that stimulates Na-H antiporter in proximal tubule

A

Angiotension II -> increased Na, H2O, and HCO3 reabsorption -> contraction alkalosis

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16
Q

Hormone that stimulates ENaC production in principal call of collecting tubule

A

Aldosterone -> negative membrane -> K and H secretion

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17
Q

Hormone that stimulates aquaporins

A

ADH

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18
Q

Heart distension -> ANP -> ?

A

Heart distension -> ANP -> cGMP -> PKG -> vasodilation & Na/water loss

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19
Q

Kidney stones from Proteus UTI

A

Staghorn calculi made of magnesium ammonium phosphate

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20
Q

Antibiotics in which bio-availability decreases with antacids

A

Fluroquinolones (ofloxacin)

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21
Q

Positive nitroprusside cyanide test on urine

A

Cystinuria (AR), treat with aggressive hydration and urinary alkalinization

22
Q

Treatment for neurogenic bladder (no descending pontine control of micturition)

A

Muscarnic receptor antagonist (tolterodine)

23
Q

Treatment for acute pyelonephritis

A

Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, ceftriaxone

24
Q

25-hydroxycholecalciferol -> 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol occurs where?

A

Kidney tubules (enzyme = 1 alpha-hydroxylase, PTH regulates)

25
Q

Diuretic that blocks Na-Cl symporter in distal tubule

A

Thiazides -> increased Ca reabsorption -> decreased kidney stones & -> volume depletion -> increased Na reabsorption in collecting tubule -> more negative lumen -> more K secretion & metabolic alkalosis

26
Q

Type II collagen

A

Cartilage, vitreous body of eye, nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disks

27
Q

Type IV collagen is where?

A

Basement membrane in lungs, kidney, and lens of eye

28
Q

Sickle cell disease leads to damage where in the kidney?

A

High osmolarity of renal medulla -> sickling in vasa recta -> papillary necrosis, proteinuria

29
Q

Renal failure diet

A

Low-protein, high-carbohydrate, moderate fat intake, low to moderate fluid

30
Q

PTH does what where?

A

Increase calcium reabsorption in distal tubule

31
Q

Causes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, systemic vasculitis (Wegener granulomatosis, microscopic polyarteritis, Churg-Strauss)

32
Q

Stimuli for ADH

A

Plasma osmoles, blood volume depletion

33
Q

Costovertebral angle tenderness, flank pain, N/V, dysuria, hematuria, urgency + WBC cells and casts in urine

A

Pyelonephritis

34
Q

Diuretic that acts upstream of macula densa

A

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in proximal tubule -> osmotic diuresis -> more NaCl reaches macula densa -> more Na in distal tubule -> less renin secretion

35
Q

Subendothelial deposits, mesangial proliferation, double basement membrane (tram tracks)

A

Type 1 membranoproliferative glonerulonephritis

36
Q

Glomerular diseases associated with HCV

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (subendothelial deposits, mesangial proliferation, double basement membrane)

37
Q

Epithelial cells with brush border in kidney

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

38
Q

FeNa 500, urine Na <20

A

Prerenal failure

39
Q

Subepithelial deposits and granular IF

A

Membranous nephropathy

40
Q

Failure to close what development/adult structure leads to urine leakage through belly button?

A

Urachus SHOULD obliterate to form median umbilical ligament.

41
Q

Defect and consequences of Type 2 (proximal)

A

Defect in proximal tubule HCO3 reabsoprtion -> acidify urine in distal tubule -> urinary pH < 5

42
Q

Defect and consequences of Type 1 (distal) RTA

A

Defect in collecting tubule’s H excretion, defect in NH4 excretion -> urinary pH > 5

43
Q

Childhood abdominal mass with islands of epithelial cells, recognizable glomerular and/or tubular structures

A

Wilms tumor

44
Q

Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

Proximal RTA (failed HCO3 reabsorption -> treat with serum HCO3) or diarrhea

45
Q

Hypophosphatemic rickets

A

Increased phosphate wasting in proximal tubule (disregulated hormone in kidney), need calcium and phosphate for hydroxyapatite
- FGF-23 gene

46
Q

Acid-base disorder in diarrhea

A

Normal anion-gap, hypechloremic acidosis

47
Q

Metabolic and respiratory acidosis (high PCo2, low bicarbonate)

A

Cardiopulmonary arrest (poor oxygenation -> lactic acidosis)

48
Q

Effects of angiotensin II

A

Increased systemic vascular resistance (contraction of efferent arterioles) + increased aldosterone -> volume expansion

49
Q

How kidneys excrete acid

A

Ammonium ion secretion

50
Q

Decreased albumin -> ?

A

Low plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Kaplan Review (1 decks)

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