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Kaplan Review > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism of acetozolamide

A

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase –> reduced aqueous humor production –> decreased intraocular pressure

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2
Q

Drug that vasodilates and decreases insulin release

A

Diazoxide (K+ channel opener)

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3
Q

Side effects of acetozolamide

A

Hypokalemia, alkaline urine

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4
Q

Metabolic alkalosis after loop and thiazides diuretics

A

Contraction alkalosis (inhibit tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride –> loss of salt and water –> retention of bicarbonate in ECF)

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5
Q

Inulin space

A

Extracellular space (Interstitial fluid volume + plasma volume)

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6
Q

C3 Nephritic factor

A

Type II Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (stabilized C3 convertase –> overactivation of complement and decreased C3 precursor)

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7
Q

Nephrotic syndrome + HIV/heroin/sickle cell

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

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8
Q

Urine protein > 50 mg/kg/day & serum albumin < 3 g/dL

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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9
Q

Effacement of foot processes on EM

A

Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis OR Minimal change disease

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10
Q

Respiratory alkalosis -> metabolic acidosis

A

Salicylate toxicity

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11
Q

Linear or ribbon-like IF pattern in kidney biopsy

A

anti-GBM disease or diabetes

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12
Q

Vasopressin works where for urea and water reabsorption?

A

Urea- Medullary segment of collecting duct

H20 - Cortical segment of collecting duct

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13
Q

Where is highest osmolarity in kidney?

A

Bottom of loop of Henle

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14
Q

Diuretic associated with decreased risk of kidney stones

A

Thiazides decrease urinary excretion of calcium -> decrease likelihood of calcium oxalate stones

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15
Q

Hormone that stimulates Na-H antiporter in proximal tubule

A

Angiotension II -> increased Na, H2O, and HCO3 reabsorption -> contraction alkalosis

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16
Q

Hormone that stimulates ENaC production in principal call of collecting tubule

A

Aldosterone -> negative membrane -> K and H secretion

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17
Q

Hormone that stimulates aquaporins

A

ADH

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18
Q

Heart distension -> ANP -> ?

A

Heart distension -> ANP -> cGMP -> PKG -> vasodilation & Na/water loss

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19
Q

Kidney stones from Proteus UTI

A

Staghorn calculi made of magnesium ammonium phosphate

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20
Q

Antibiotics in which bio-availability decreases with antacids

A

Fluroquinolones (ofloxacin)

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21
Q

Positive nitroprusside cyanide test on urine

A

Cystinuria (AR), treat with aggressive hydration and urinary alkalinization

22
Q

Treatment for neurogenic bladder (no descending pontine control of micturition)

A

Muscarnic receptor antagonist (tolterodine)

23
Q

Treatment for acute pyelonephritis

A

Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, ceftriaxone

24
Q

25-hydroxycholecalciferol -> 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol occurs where?

A

Kidney tubules (enzyme = 1 alpha-hydroxylase, PTH regulates)

25
Diuretic that blocks Na-Cl symporter in distal tubule
Thiazides -> increased Ca reabsorption -> decreased kidney stones & -> volume depletion -> increased Na reabsorption in collecting tubule -> more negative lumen -> more K secretion & metabolic alkalosis
26
Type II collagen
Cartilage, vitreous body of eye, nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disks
27
Type IV collagen is where?
Basement membrane in lungs, kidney, and lens of eye
28
Sickle cell disease leads to damage where in the kidney?
High osmolarity of renal medulla -> sickling in vasa recta -> papillary necrosis, proteinuria
29
Renal failure diet
Low-protein, high-carbohydrate, moderate fat intake, low to moderate fluid
30
PTH does what where?
Increase calcium reabsorption in distal tubule
31
Causes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, systemic vasculitis (Wegener granulomatosis, microscopic polyarteritis, Churg-Strauss)
32
Stimuli for ADH
Plasma osmoles, blood volume depletion
33
Costovertebral angle tenderness, flank pain, N/V, dysuria, hematuria, urgency + WBC cells and casts in urine
Pyelonephritis
34
Diuretic that acts upstream of macula densa
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in proximal tubule -> osmotic diuresis -> more NaCl reaches macula densa -> more Na in distal tubule -> less renin secretion
35
Subendothelial deposits, mesangial proliferation, double basement membrane (tram tracks)
Type 1 membranoproliferative glonerulonephritis
36
Glomerular diseases associated with HCV
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (subendothelial deposits, mesangial proliferation, double basement membrane)
37
Epithelial cells with brush border in kidney
Proximal convoluted tubule
38
FeNa 500, urine Na <20
Prerenal failure
39
Subepithelial deposits and granular IF
Membranous nephropathy
40
Failure to close what development/adult structure leads to urine leakage through belly button?
Urachus SHOULD obliterate to form median umbilical ligament.
41
Defect and consequences of Type 2 (proximal)
Defect in proximal tubule HCO3 reabsoprtion -> acidify urine in distal tubule -> urinary pH < 5
42
Defect and consequences of Type 1 (distal) RTA
Defect in collecting tubule's H excretion, defect in NH4 excretion -> urinary pH > 5
43
Childhood abdominal mass with islands of epithelial cells, recognizable glomerular and/or tubular structures
Wilms tumor
44
Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
Proximal RTA (failed HCO3 reabsorption -> treat with serum HCO3) or diarrhea
45
Hypophosphatemic rickets
Increased phosphate wasting in proximal tubule (disregulated hormone in kidney), need calcium and phosphate for hydroxyapatite - FGF-23 gene
46
Acid-base disorder in diarrhea
Normal anion-gap, hypechloremic acidosis
47
Metabolic and respiratory acidosis (high PCo2, low bicarbonate)
Cardiopulmonary arrest (poor oxygenation -> lactic acidosis)
48
Effects of angiotensin II
Increased systemic vascular resistance (contraction of efferent arterioles) + increased aldosterone -> volume expansion
49
How kidneys excrete acid
Ammonium ion secretion
50
Decreased albumin -> ?
Low plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Kaplan Review (1 decks)

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