Renal

Question 1

How does cholesterol emboli present when causing renal failure?

Answer 1

The presence of other signs of embolization such as blue toes, livedo reticularis, Hollenhorst plaque in the retina and abdominal pain.
Transient eosinophilia and hypocomplementemia
Persistent renal failure after seven days post angiogram

Question 2

Is IgA or post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis typically associated with LOW or HIGH complement levels?
main symptom in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is ?

Answer 2

Post-strep = LOW complement levels.
IgA = normal or high
proteinuria (although haematuria can occur)

Question 3

Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (NAGMA): use the mnemonic- HARDUPS

Answer 3

Hyperalimentation
Acetazolamide
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Diarrhea
Uretero-Pelvic Shunt
Post-Hypocapnia
Spironolactone

Question 4

High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA): use the mnemonic- MUDPILERS

Answer 4

Methanol
Uremia
DKA/Alcoholic KA
Paraldehyde
Isoniazid
Lactic Acidosis
Ethanol/Ethylene Glycol
Rhabdo/Renal Failure
Salicylates

Question 5

Which one of the following drugs may be cleared by hemodialysis?
Aspirin
Beta blockers
Benzodiazepine
Tricyclics
Digoxin

Answer 5

Aspirin

Question 6

What are the drugs that can be cleared by hemodialysis?
Acronym: “BLAST”

Answer 6

Barbiturate
Lithium
Alcohol (methanol,ethylene glycol)
Salicylates
Theophyllines

Question 7

What are the 4 classes of drug that commonly cause interstitial nephritis?

Answer 7

NSAIDs
Proton pump inhibitors
HIV Anti-virals
Diuretics

Question 8

A patient with primary aldosteronism secondary to a unilateral adrenal hyperplasia undergoes an adrenalectomy.
Which biochemistry marker is most likely to improve post-surgery?
Hyporeninemia
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Hypochloremia
Hypomagnesemia

Answer 8

Hypokalaemia

Question 9

Which electrolyte is absorbed the most in the thick ascending loop of Henle?

Answer 9

Magnesium

Question 10

Frusemide blocks which of the following co-transporter?
And where in the nephron?
Sodium-phosphate co-transporters
Na-Glucose Transporter (SGLT2)
Na-K-Cl co-transporter(NKCC2)
Na-K-Cl co-transporter(NKCC1)

Answer 10

NKCC2
Action = thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question 11

What is the effect of a Licorice overdose on the Renal system?

Answer 11

Mineralocorticoid excess like syndrome:
Hypertension
Metabolic alkalosis
Sodium retention
Potassium loss

Question 12

Mycophenolate mofetil is least likely to cause which of the following side effect?
Severe ovarian toxicity
Gastrointestinal upset
Leukopaenia
Infection
Malignancy

Answer 12

Severe ovarian toxicity

Question 13

Mechanism of action of Methyldopa?
Mental health side effect?

Answer 13

Methyldopa, a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist
Risk of depression