Renal

Question 1

What are the 5 ways the kidneys regulate body fluids?

Answer 1

Regulation of plasma volume
Regulation of inorganic solutes
Regulation of osmotic balance
Regulation of of acid-base balance (pH)
Removing waste products

Question 2

What are the 2 components of the kidney anatomically?

Answer 2

Tubular component and vascular component

Question 3

What are the 4 arterial components we need to know in the nephron?

Answer 3

Afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, and peritubular capillaries

Question 4

What do the afferent arterioles do?

Answer 4

Supply blood to the glomerulus

Question 5

What do the efferent arterioles do?

Answer 5

Bring blood out of the glomerulus and connects to the peritubular capillaries

Question 6

What are the two veins important to know in the nephron?

Answer 6

arcuate veins and interlobar veins

Question 7

Why are glomerular capillaries leaky?

Answer 7

They are important for the filtration process and allow plasma to enter the bowman’s capsule

Question 8

What process are peritubular capillaries for?

Answer 8

The reabsorption process

Question 9

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 9

The nephron

Question 10

What are the two capillary networkd associated with a nephron? And how are they connected?

Answer 10

Glomerulus and peritubular capillaries connected via the efferent arterioles

Question 11

What are the 2 types of nephron and where is their glomeruli located?

Answer 11

Cortical nephron (glomeruli in the outer cortex) and Juxtamedullary nephron (glomeruli closer to the medulla)

Question 12

Fill in the blank: vasa recta is referred to the specialized peritubular capillaries that are seen in ____ nephrons.

Answer 12

Juxtamedullary

Question 13

What are the 3 processes that are important for renal function and formation of urine?

Answer 13

1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion

Question 14

what is the calculation for urinary excretion rate?

Answer 14

excretion = filtration -reabsorption + secretion

Question 15

What are the 3 reasons why the amount of filtration and reabsorption is so high?

Answer 15

• high permeability of the glomerular capillaries
• everything is freely filtered except cells and proteins
• concentration of most solutes in the plasma and within Bowman’s capsule is almost the same

Question 16

What is the benefit of high filtration and reabsorption?

Answer 16

• The entire plasma is filtered many times each day
• waste products removed faster

Question 17

What substances are excreted through filtration only?

Answer 17

most waste products (eg creatine and uric acid)

Question 18

How are most electrolytes like sodium and chloride ions excreted?

Answer 18

filtration and partial reabsorption

Question 19

What substances are excreted through filtration and complete reabsorption?

Answer 19

nutritional substances (glucose, amino acids)

Question 20

When rapid clearance is needed, what excretion process is used?

Answer 20

filtration and secretion

Question 21

For what substances does free filtration occur?

Answer 21

water and most solutes

Question 22

what are glomerular capillaries important for?

Answer 22

filtration

Question 23

what are peritubular capillaries are important for?

Answer 23

reabsorption

Question 24

what are three things that the filtration rate of the glomerulus depends on?

Answer 24

1) hydrostatic pressure
2) colloid osmotic pressure
3) glomerular capillary filtration coefficient

Question 25

what are the three layers of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Answer 25

1) endothelium of glomerular capillaries
2) basement membrane of the capillaries
3) epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule

Question 26

what factors mainly affect renal vascular resistance?

Answer 26

afferent arterioles
interlobular arterioles
efferent arterioles

Question 27

how does sympathetic innervation affect vascular resistance?

Answer 27

increases vascular resistance

Question 28

How is sodium reabsorbed into the epithelial cell at the lumen (apical) membrane from the
lumen of the tubule of the nephron?

Answer 28

sodium diffuses into the epithelial cell because of the electrochemical gradient

Question 29

true or false: the transport maximums is the same for all nephrons

Answer 29

False

Question 30

how is sodium reabsorbed at the basolateral membrane?

Answer 30

via active transport against the electrochemical gradient

Question 31

What are the two main pathways in reabsorption?

Answer 31

through tubular epithelium into interstitial fluid and through peritubular
capillaries into the blood

Question 32

what are the units of renal clearance?

Answer 32

mL/min

Question 33

To calculate the Clearance Rate of substance X using the Excretion Rate, plasma concentration
of substance X should be determined using plasma from where?

Answer 33

arterial circulation

Question 34

Which segment of the nephron is always highly permeable to water?

Answer 34

the thin descending loop of Henle

Question 35

what segment in the loop of Henle has the greatest reabsorption capacity?

Answer 35

the thick ascending

Question 36

what three hormones are involved in increasing water reabsorption?

Answer 36

Aldosterone
Angiotensin II
Antidiuretic hormone

Question 37

Where is the site of aldosterone action and what does it help reabsorb and secrete?

Answer 37

Works in the collecting tubule and duct, helps with reabsorbing H2O and NaCl, and help
secrete K

Question 38

where is 65% of ionized calcium reabsorbed?

Answer 38

proximal tubule

Question 39

What proportion of filtered ionized calcium is reabsorbed in the kidney?

Answer 39

99%