Renal 1 Flashcards
are the kidneys retro- or intraperitoneal?
retroperitoneal
_____ nephrons are within the cortex of the kidneys, while _________ nephrons are beside and descends into the medulla
cortical nephrons = within cortex of kidney
juxtaglomerular nephrons = beside medulla and descends into medulla
explain the route that renal blood flows
abdominal aorta > renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > cortical radiate arteries > afferent arterioles > glomerular capillaries > efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries > small veins > renal veins
explain why the renal blood system is an irregular portal system. (also include what path a normal system would typically follow)
the system goes from afferent arterioles (resistance) to capillaries (exchange) to efferent arterioles (back to resistance)
it is irregular for a portal system to go from resistance to exchange back to resistance
normally, it will go from capillaries to venules
Vesa recta are ______ _______. They run _______ to the loop of henle
osmotic exchangers; parallel
on average, what % of total body weight is from water?
60%
___/3 of your total body water is in your ICF (inside cells), and ___/3 is in your ECF (outside of cells)
2/3 = ICF (inside cells)
1/3 = ECF (outside of cells)
where are your high pressure sensors located?
aortic arch, carotid sinus, and JG apparatus of kidneys
where are your low pressure sensors located?
both atria, right ventricle, large pulmonary vessels
explain what happens when your high pressure sensors notice a decrease in BP
- stimulates SNS > vasoconstriction
- ADH secretion > retain water
- JG apparatus of kidney secretes renin
explain what happens when your low pressure sensors sense a decrease in filling/pressure
- activates SNS > vasoconstriction
- secretion of ADH > increases water reabsorption
- release ANP and BNP > increase excretion of sodium and water at kidneys > volume in those areas will go back down
T or F: the nervous system is stimulated before any hormone because it works faster than the hormone system
TRUE
explain how volume is conserved in the kidneys even when someone is dehydrated
stimulation of the SNS causes vasoconstriction which also vasoconstricts the arterioles in the kidneys
this decreases GFR, causing retention of sodium and water to conserve volume in the kidneys
explain the steps that occur when someone is dehydrated
- stimulate SNS > vasoconstrict > decrease GFR
- stimulate renin > angiotensin 1 > secretion of aldosterone
- stimulates angiotensin 2 > vasoconstriction
- stimulates ADH secretion from the hypothalamus > increase water reabsorption
- inhibit ANP and BNP
explain what happens when you ingest high amount of salt
- increases water intake > water shifts from ICF (inside cells) to ECF (outside cells) > increases ECF volume
- ADH is released > water absorbed at renal system (into ECF) > increases blood volume and BP > counteracts high osmolarity > kidneys excrete salt and water > osmolarity returns to normal > BP returns to normal
explain the 4 things that happen with SIADH
excess ADH causes:
1. retain more water > high BP
2. diluting body fluids > hypoosmotic
3. urine becomes hyperosmotic (concentrated)
4. increased water in brain cells > coma
explain how a coma can occur from SIADH
no matter how much water you absorb, 2/3 will always go to ICF (into all cells - including brain cells) and 1/3 will go to ECF
define renal clearance
volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time
what is the clearance of albumin?
0
what is the clearance of glucose?
0
what is the clearance of sodium, phosphate, chlorine, and urea?
greater than 0
if clearance is less than filtration, _______ occurs
reabsorption
net secretion occurs when _____ is greater than ____
clearance is greater than GFR
Na+, phosphate, Cl- and urea all have a clearance greater than 0. what does this mean? (aka - how much is reabsorbed vs excreted)
100% filtered, but 50% is reabsorbed and 50% is excreted
