Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment Flashcards
What was the difference between the Italian and northern renaissance?
The Italian renaissance was more secular, while the northern renaissance focused on becoming more religious through study of classical texts
What were the 3 major themes of the italian renaissance?
Humanism, individualism, and secularism
Who were the Medicis?
Banking family of Florence
Very powerful oligarchy
What is a city-state?
An independent nation that is comprised of just one city
Who was Petrarch and what did he believe?
1304-1374, father of humanism
Wrote sonnets
First to use term “dark ages”
Saw contemporaries as barbaric
Who was Boccaccio?
1313-1375
Wrote The Decameron
Who was Baldassare Castiglione?
Wrote The Courtier
Who was Giovanni Pico?
Reconciled all philosophies
Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man
Who was Giotto?
1267-1337
Painter famous for solid bodies, expression of emotion, and suggestion of landscape
Who was Masaccio?
1401-1428
Painter who put new emphasis on nature, 3D human bodies, and perspective
-first to show nudes
Who was Donatello?
1386-1466
Sculptor, focus on the beauty of the human body
Nude sculptures, free-standing bronze statue (David)
Who was Brunelleschi?
1377-1446
Architect; symmetry, simplicity, balance, harmony
Dome of Duomo in Florence
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
1452-1519
Painter; technical perfection
Mona Lisa, last supper, self portrait, Vitruvian man
Who was Raphael?
1438-1520
Painter; perspective, ancient styles, sense of peace
Papal apartments, school of Athens, self portraits, madonnas
Who was Michelangelo?
1475-1564
Painter, sculptor; individuals w/strength, ambition
Marble David, Sistine chapel, “last judgement”
Who was Titian?
1479-1576
Painter; luxury scenes
When and where was the Italian Renaissance?
15th century
Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan
What were the political systems in the Italian renaissance?
Medici family in Florence
Italian city-states
What did Machiavelli write?
The prince
What did Dante write?
Divine comedy
What was the impact of the Italian renaissance?
It spread north
Where was the northern renaissance?
North of alps, Spain
What were the political systems in the northern renaissance?
Holy Roman Empire
Strong church influence
What were the goals of the northern renaissance?
Christian humanism
- Hebrew and Greek texts of bible
- less sudden
What did Erasmus write?
Praise of folly, on civility in children, handbook of a Christian knight
What did Thomas More write?
Utopia
What did Gutenberg do?
First printing press, printed bible into vernacular
Who was Albrecht Dürer?
Northern painter Did prints (Young Hare)
What was the impact of the northern renaissance?
More shipbuilding and navigation
Exploration of new world
What does vernacular mean?
Local language, not Latin
Who was Savonarola?
He burned church offenses in a “bonfire of vanities”
He was then burned at the stake as a heretic
What is humanism?
Study of humanities: grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, poetry, history
Classical authors
God created universe, but HUMANS developed it
What is individualism?
Capabilities and rights of humans, emergence of idea of free spirits and geniuses
What is secularism?
The present world is important, not just a way to the afterlife
Focus on man, not god
What is classicism?
Study of Greek and Roman texts, philosophy, etc.
different way to see the world
What did Erasmus believe?
Tried to reform church while remaining loyal
Faith in education, discussion, gradual moral development
Who was Martin Luther?
Posted 95 theses on Wittenberg church door
-criticized Tetzel’s indulgences
Who was Johann Tetzel?
He was a friar who was selling indulgences in Germany to help raise money for a new dome @ St. Peter’s cathedral
Who was John Calvin?
Founded city of god @ Geneva
Wanted a Christian state
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
Leading figure of anabaptists
Started peasant revolts
Who was Charles V?
Holy Roman Emperor during reformation
Who were the Hapsburgs?
Wealthy banking family of Austria
What caused the English reformation?
Henry VIII wanted divorce from wife
Catholic Church wouldn’t grant
Split from Catholic Church, Henry VIII becomes head of church
What was the peace of Augsburg?
Each German area could choose own religion, but everyone in region had to follow it
What was the treaty of Westphalia?
Stopped 30 year war between Protestants and Catholics
- fragmented Germany
- independence of Switzerland and holland
- no more fighting over religion
Who were the Jesuits?
Christians focused on educational reform (built schools)
Who were the Fuggers?
Wealthy banking family of the Netherlands
Who was Copernicus?
Polish, 1473-1543
- Wrote On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies
- heliocentric model
Who was Kepler?
German, 1571-1630
Elliptical orbits
Who was Adam smith?
Wrote Wealth of Nations
- supply and demand
- competition = invisible hand = equilibrium
Who was John Locke and what did he believe?
- Life, liberty, property “natural rights”
- Blank slate- tabula rasa
- social contract
What did René Descartes believe?
“I think, therefore I am”
- coordinate geometry
- dualism (extended and thinking)
What did Francis Bacon believe?
Inductive method of reasoning
-wrote The New Atlas
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe?
Wrote The Social Contract
-civilization corrupts
“Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains”
Who was Isaac Newton?
Wrote Principia Mathematica
- started Enlightenment Era
- gravity!
Who was Immanuel Kant?
Summarized many philosophies
Names enlightenment
Who is Charles de Montesquieu?
Wrote Spirit of Laws
-separation of powers
Who was FMA Voltaire?
Made enlightenment accessible,
easy to understand
-wrote Candide
Who was Hegel?
Dialectic-
Thesis vs antithesis –> synthesis
In what order did the Tudor monarchs rule?
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I
