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European History > Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment > Flashcards

Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the difference between the Italian and northern renaissance?

A

The Italian renaissance was more secular, while the northern renaissance focused on becoming more religious through study of classical texts

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1
Q

What were the 3 major themes of the italian renaissance?

A

Humanism, individualism, and secularism

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2
Q

Who were the Medicis?

A

Banking family of Florence

Very powerful oligarchy

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3
Q

What is a city-state?

A

An independent nation that is comprised of just one city

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4
Q

Who was Petrarch and what did he believe?

A

1304-1374, father of humanism
Wrote sonnets
First to use term “dark ages”
Saw contemporaries as barbaric

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5
Q

Who was Boccaccio?

A

1313-1375

Wrote The Decameron

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6
Q

Who was Baldassare Castiglione?

A

Wrote The Courtier

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7
Q

Who was Giovanni Pico?

A

Reconciled all philosophies

Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man

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8
Q

Who was Giotto?

A

1267-1337

Painter famous for solid bodies, expression of emotion, and suggestion of landscape

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9
Q

Who was Masaccio?

A

1401-1428
Painter who put new emphasis on nature, 3D human bodies, and perspective
-first to show nudes

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10
Q

Who was Donatello?

A

1386-1466
Sculptor, focus on the beauty of the human body
Nude sculptures, free-standing bronze statue (David)

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11
Q

Who was Brunelleschi?

A

1377-1446
Architect; symmetry, simplicity, balance, harmony
Dome of Duomo in Florence

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12
Q

Who was Leonardo da Vinci?

A

1452-1519
Painter; technical perfection
Mona Lisa, last supper, self portrait, Vitruvian man

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13
Q

Who was Raphael?

A

1438-1520
Painter; perspective, ancient styles, sense of peace
Papal apartments, school of Athens, self portraits, madonnas

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14
Q

Who was Michelangelo?

A

1475-1564
Painter, sculptor; individuals w/strength, ambition
Marble David, Sistine chapel, “last judgement”

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15
Q

Who was Titian?

A

1479-1576

Painter; luxury scenes

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16
Q

When and where was the Italian Renaissance?

A

15th century

Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan

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17
Q

What were the political systems in the Italian renaissance?

A

Medici family in Florence

Italian city-states

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18
Q

What did Machiavelli write?

A

The prince

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19
Q

What did Dante write?

A

Divine comedy

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20
Q

What was the impact of the Italian renaissance?

A

It spread north

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21
Q

Where was the northern renaissance?

A

North of alps, Spain

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22
Q

What were the political systems in the northern renaissance?

A

Holy Roman Empire

Strong church influence

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23
Q

What were the goals of the northern renaissance?

A

Christian humanism

  • Hebrew and Greek texts of bible
  • less sudden
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24
Q

What did Erasmus write?

A

Praise of folly, on civility in children, handbook of a Christian knight

25
Q

What did Thomas More write?

A

Utopia

26
Q

What did Gutenberg do?

A

First printing press, printed bible into vernacular

27
Q

Who was Albrecht Dürer?

A 
Northern painter
Did prints 
(Young Hare)
28
Q

What was the impact of the northern renaissance?

A

More shipbuilding and navigation

Exploration of new world

29
Q

What does vernacular mean?

A

Local language, not Latin

30
Q

Who was Savonarola?

A

He burned church offenses in a “bonfire of vanities”

He was then burned at the stake as a heretic

31
Q

What is humanism?

A

Study of humanities: grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, poetry, history
Classical authors
God created universe, but HUMANS developed it

32
Q

What is individualism?

A

Capabilities and rights of humans, emergence of idea of free spirits and geniuses

33
Q

What is secularism?

A

The present world is important, not just a way to the afterlife
Focus on man, not god

34
Q

What is classicism?

A

Study of Greek and Roman texts, philosophy, etc.

different way to see the world

35
Q

What did Erasmus believe?

A

Tried to reform church while remaining loyal

Faith in education, discussion, gradual moral development

36
Q

Who was Martin Luther?

A

Posted 95 theses on Wittenberg church door

-criticized Tetzel’s indulgences

37
Q

Who was Johann Tetzel?

A

He was a friar who was selling indulgences in Germany to help raise money for a new dome @ St. Peter’s cathedral

38
Q

Who was John Calvin?

A

Founded city of god @ Geneva

Wanted a Christian state

39
Q

Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

A

Leading figure of anabaptists

Started peasant revolts

40
Q

Who was Charles V?

A

Holy Roman Emperor during reformation

41
Q

Who were the Hapsburgs?

A

Wealthy banking family of Austria

42
Q

What caused the English reformation?

A

Henry VIII wanted divorce from wife
Catholic Church wouldn’t grant
Split from Catholic Church, Henry VIII becomes head of church

43
Q

What was the peace of Augsburg?

A

Each German area could choose own religion, but everyone in region had to follow it

44
Q

What was the treaty of Westphalia?

A

Stopped 30 year war between Protestants and Catholics

  • fragmented Germany
  • independence of Switzerland and holland
  • no more fighting over religion
45
Q

Who were the Jesuits?

A

Christians focused on educational reform (built schools)

46
Q

Who were the Fuggers?

A

Wealthy banking family of the Netherlands

47
Q

Who was Copernicus?

A

Polish, 1473-1543

  • Wrote On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies
  • heliocentric model
48
Q

Who was Kepler?

A

German, 1571-1630

Elliptical orbits

49
Q

Who was Adam smith?

A

Wrote Wealth of Nations

  • supply and demand
  • competition = invisible hand = equilibrium
50
Q

Who was John Locke and what did he believe?

A
  • Life, liberty, property “natural rights”
  • Blank slate- tabula rasa
  • social contract
51
Q

What did René Descartes believe?

A

“I think, therefore I am”

  • coordinate geometry
  • dualism (extended and thinking)
52
Q

What did Francis Bacon believe?

A

Inductive method of reasoning

-wrote The New Atlas

53
Q

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe?

A

Wrote The Social Contract
-civilization corrupts
“Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains”

54
Q

Who was Isaac Newton?

A

Wrote Principia Mathematica

  • started Enlightenment Era
  • gravity!
55
Q

Who was Immanuel Kant?

A

Summarized many philosophies

Names enlightenment

56
Q

Who is Charles de Montesquieu?

A

Wrote Spirit of Laws

-separation of powers

57
Q

Who was FMA Voltaire?

A

Made enlightenment accessible,
easy to understand
-wrote Candide

58
Q

Who was Hegel?

A

Dialectic-

Thesis vs antithesis –> synthesis

59
Q

In what order did the Tudor monarchs rule?

A

Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I

European History (1 decks)

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