Renaissance Period Flashcards
Great Schism
when the Catholic Church split, and there was more than one Pope at a time.
Dual Papacy (+)
Ars Nova
Means new art. Duple divisions of allowed- considered “imperfect”
combining duple and triple divisions within same work
use of “coloration”
use of syncopation
use isorhythm- “iso” means same
favored 4ths and 5ths, but 3rds and 6ths more common
use of form fixes (fixed forms)
chief genre for innovating the motet
musica ficta
(false music): altering a note by a semitone to avoid tritones or leading tones for cadences
coloration
used red ink to signify meter change in neumes
Guillame de Machaut
(ca. 1300-1377)Dominated 14th century French Composition. Leading composer of ars nova and perfected it. Religious edu, became a priest. Famous poet: wrote most of his own texts.
Rhythmically complex: juxtaposition of duple and triple meter, syncopation.
wrote first example of mass ordinary cycle composed by one person. Messe de Nostre Dame (1360’s).recurring motives. use of diminution. isorhythm, syncopation and hockets. 4 voiced mass. use of musica ficta in performance. cantus firmus from the Liber Usualis
innovations from the ars nova
duple divisions of allowed- considered “imperfect”
combining duple and triple divisions within same work
use of “coloration” (red ink) to signify meter change
use of syncopation
use isorhythm- “iso” means same
still favored fourths and fifths, but thirds and sixths more common
use of form fixes (fixed forms):
these forms imperform form 1300-1500- basis french secular music
chief genre for innovating the motet
use of musica ficta (false music): altering a note by a semitone to avoid tritones or leading tones for cadences
Ars Antiqua
old music: Notre Dame polyphony
Formes fixes
Types: rondeaux, virelais, ballades
these forms imperform form 1300-1500- basis french secular music
Roman de Fauvel
novel about Favel
one of first examples of Ars Nova style
Satirical play containing 169 pieces of music (34 motets)
Animal fable written by men of French court (including de Vitry) Plot: satire on corruption found in the French Court
Music: Plainchant, secular songs, conductus, motets,
monophonic and polyphonic in French and Latin
Isorhythm
invented by Phillpe de Vitry (1292-1361)
divides tenor line into a repeated melodic and rhythmic pattern
talia- rhythmic pattern
color-melodic pattern
if every part is organized in this way, it is called Pan-isorhythmic
Mass Oridinary
the text of the mass sung by the choir which do not change
most early composers did not write Kyrie’s when they wrote mass settings
polyphonic settings of the mass
Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Ite Missa Est
Ars Subtilior
music rhythmically complex
voices move in different meters, simultaneously
extreme dissonances
creative, artistic relation
Musica ficta
false music
altering a note by a semitone to avoid tritones or leading tones for cadences
Trecento
so called after the italian word for the 1300’s to distinguish it from contemporaneous French Ars Nova developments.
a vernacular poem that consisted of two or more three line stanzas called terzetti (tercets) which are sung to the same music, and a single concluding one or two line ritornello (a little something that returns) in a contrasting rhyme scheme or meter
Squarcialupi Codex
copied around 1420 ca.
contains 354 works
two and three voices
trecento and quattrocento
forms contained: madrigal, carcia, ballata,
each section shows works by a different composers
Landini Cadence
chant (mid voice) accompanied by P4th above (upper voice) and parallel 3rd (lower voice)
Renaissance
(1450-1600) rebirth of classical antiquity: renaissance technology: triads, stepwise motion musical from determined by text new music considered the best music thirds sixths popular (consonant) frequent cadences balance of polyphonic and homophonic full choral range: soprano to bass equality between voices main genres: mass, madrigal,motet, chanson, desire to reflect text in the music closer union between text and music cantus firmus
Humanism
system of thought devoted to human as opposed to religious matters
rediscovered writings on science, government; philosophy and art
“humanism was a love affair with antiquity, especially
Rededication of human opposed to spiritual values
fulfillment of life
enjoyment of senses
enjoyment of human emotions
Moveable type
Johann Gutenberg: moveable type
1470 first music printed with moveable type
150 first collection of polyphony
big breakthrough for music printing; changed it all!
how did the moveable type change music
more accurate
readily available
less costly
composers famous outside their own countries
composers making money
influenced styles from one area to another
new styles spread throughout europe rapidly
works preserved from this period because more copies available
Cantus firmus
means fixed melody
an existing melody upon which a new polyphonic work is based
Tenor from chant until 13th cent
Tenor from other source (even secular) after 13th c.
Ex: “Amour ai fait”
Cantus firmus Mass
each movement is built upon the same borrowed melody in the tenor
Plainsong Mass
each movement based on existing chant for that text
Requiem Mass
mass for the dead
Contenance angloise
English quality
use of imperfect consonances- thirds and sixths
avoid disonance
learned toward major tonality rather them use of church modes
simple melodies- folk like
regular phrasing
homophonic and homorhythmic texture
Faburden
three voice technique uses first inversion chords as an improvised provision to embellish chant
“unwritten tradition” of embellishing polyphony- a way of elaborating upon a chant an existing piece of plainchant
event infiltrated the composite style as well
chant (mid voice) accompanied by P4th above (upper voice) and parallel 3rd (lower voice)
unison rhythm
homophonic and homorhythmic texture
Old Hall Manuscript
an anthology of english compositional styles (early renaissance)
contains 147 sacred pieces composed between (1370-1420)
rep example of compositions from period
settings of mass ordinary
motets
hymns and sequences
Polyphonic settings of mass movements grouped together by text: all Gloria’s, all Credos together
all Kyrie missing
why?
missing section of book
or because many english composers wrote masses without kyries (4 movements)
Musica reservata
suiting music to the meaning of text
using chromaticism; modal variety, ornaments and extreme contrasts of rhythm and texture in order to project the words
Point of imitation
a brief passage of imitative polyphony covering short one phrase of a compositions verbal text and using a single musical motive
Martin Luther
started Reformation: October 31st 1517
vernacular congregational hymnody
Luther was a musician: lute and flute, poet and composer
needed hymns fast
taken from existing plainchant
pre-reformation german secular songs (contrafacta)
new hymns by Luther and others
strophic hymns called chorales
originally sung in unison, later arrangement in four part harmony
Contrafacta
pre-reformation german secular songs
German Mass
deushe messe
published in 1526 by M. Luther
Elements of Latin and German
Lutheran Chorale
strophic hymn
Council of Trent
1545-1563
addressed problems:
intro of secular elem into liturgy (ex. sec cantus firmus)
complex, polyphony made it text difficult to understand
inappropriate behavior of church musician
solutions:
catholic composers asked to pay greater attention to text while composing
suggest ban polyphony
desire for uniformity and simp.icyt tropes and seq eliminated.
Reformation
when Martin Luther separates from the Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
internal restoration of the catholic church in 1540s
Stile da Palestrina
triadic harmony little chromaticism leaps larger than octave prohibited no dissonance long notes duple meter, beats 1 and 3 consonant stepwise (chant-like) melodies long phrases he summed up existing style of writing polyphonic vocal works in the late renaissance.
madrigal
Madrigal influenced by humanism- How? most important genre of Italian secular music of 16 century vocal chamber music: one voice per part serious text (Petrarch) one stanza ending with an epigram Performance at aristocratic gatherings
italian madrigal
4 voices settings- til 1550 instrument could substitute voices contest chordal and imitative texture use of word painting Carlo Gesualdo
english madrigal
16th century all things Italian were in vogue in Elizabethan Engl
Musica Transalpina (1588)
collection of Italian madrigals translated into english
Elizabethan I an accompany musician and encouraged music at court
poetry by Edmund Spencer (english sonnets)
composers: Thomas Morley, Thomas Weelkes
Carlo Gesualdo
(1561-1613) Italian madrigal composer exp? with chromaticism, complex rhythm and dissonance works called pre-wagnerian drama created through contrast diatonic and chromatic dissonant and consonant homophony and imitation slow and fast passages
Francesco Petrarch
(1304-1374)
Italian humanist, scholar and poet
invented the 14 line sonnet
recovered knowledge from Greek and Roman writings
works borrowed (and style copied) for madrigals
Triumphs of Oriana
collection of 25 madrigals written for the Queen Elizabeth I
Oriana- is queen
Musica Transalpina
collection of Italian madrigals translated into english
Lute song
imperfect in English-Renaissance
John Dowland 1563-1626
Lute accompanied vocal line but independent rhythm and melody
either for solo voice with lute accompany or for 4 voices (developed later)
if 4 voices the parts notated for ease of reading around a table
ex. Come Again My Sweet Love; Flow My Tears
Lute tablature
same as guitar tab music
music that shows the hand position when playing song
