Renaissance Period

Question 1

Great Schism

Answer 1

when the Catholic Church split, and there was more than one Pope at a time.

Dual Papacy (+)

Question 2

Ars Nova

Answer 2

Means new art. Duple divisions of allowed- considered “imperfect”
combining duple and triple divisions within same work
use of “coloration”
use of syncopation
use isorhythm- “iso” means same
favored 4ths and 5ths, but 3rds and 6ths more common
use of form fixes (fixed forms)
chief genre for innovating the motet

Question 3

musica ficta

Answer 3

(false music): altering a note by a semitone to avoid tritones or leading tones for cadences

Question 4

coloration

Answer 4

used red ink to signify meter change in neumes

Question 5

Guillame de Machaut

Answer 5

(ca. 1300-1377)Dominated 14th century French Composition. Leading composer of ars nova and perfected it. Religious edu, became a priest. Famous poet: wrote most of his own texts.
Rhythmically complex: juxtaposition of duple and triple meter, syncopation.
wrote first example of mass ordinary cycle composed by one person. Messe de Nostre Dame (1360’s).recurring motives. use of diminution. isorhythm, syncopation and hockets. 4 voiced mass. use of musica ficta in performance. cantus firmus from the Liber Usualis

Question 6

innovations from the ars nova

Answer 6

duple divisions of allowed- considered “imperfect”
combining duple and triple divisions within same work
use of “coloration” (red ink) to signify meter change
use of syncopation
use isorhythm- “iso” means same
still favored fourths and fifths, but thirds and sixths more common
use of form fixes (fixed forms):
these forms imperform form 1300-1500- basis french secular music
chief genre for innovating the motet
use of musica ficta (false music): altering a note by a semitone to avoid tritones or leading tones for cadences

Question 7

Ars Antiqua

Answer 7

old music: Notre Dame polyphony

Question 8

Formes fixes

Answer 8

Types: rondeaux, virelais, ballades

these forms imperform form 1300-1500- basis french secular music

Question 9

Roman de Fauvel

Answer 9

novel about Favel
one of first examples of Ars Nova style
Satirical play containing 169 pieces of music (34 motets)
Animal fable written by men of French court (including de Vitry) Plot: satire on corruption found in the French Court
Music: Plainchant, secular songs, conductus, motets,
monophonic and polyphonic in French and Latin

Question 10

Isorhythm

Answer 10

invented by Phillpe de Vitry (1292-1361)
divides tenor line into a repeated melodic and rhythmic pattern
talia- rhythmic pattern
color-melodic pattern
if every part is organized in this way, it is called Pan-isorhythmic

Question 11

Mass Oridinary

Answer 11

the text of the mass sung by the choir which do not change
most early composers did not write Kyrie’s when they wrote mass settings
polyphonic settings of the mass
Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Ite Missa Est

Question 12

Ars Subtilior

Answer 12

music rhythmically complex
voices move in different meters, simultaneously
extreme dissonances
creative, artistic relation

Question 13

Musica ficta

Answer 13

false music

altering a note by a semitone to avoid tritones or leading tones for cadences

Question 14

Trecento

Answer 14

so called after the italian word for the 1300’s to distinguish it from contemporaneous French Ars Nova developments.

a vernacular poem that consisted of two or more three line stanzas called terzetti (tercets) which are sung to the same music, and a single concluding one or two line ritornello (a little something that returns) in a contrasting rhyme scheme or meter

Question 15

Squarcialupi Codex

Answer 15

copied around 1420 ca.
contains 354 works
two and three voices
trecento and quattrocento
forms contained: madrigal, carcia, ballata,
each section shows works by a different composers

Question 16

Landini Cadence

Answer 16

chant (mid voice) accompanied by P4th above (upper voice) and parallel 3rd (lower voice)

Question 17

Renaissance

Answer 17

(1450-1600)
rebirth of classical antiquity: 
renaissance technology: triads, stepwise motion
musical from determined by text
new music considered the best music
thirds sixths popular (consonant)
frequent cadences 
balance of polyphonic and homophonic
full choral range: soprano to bass
equality between voices
main genres: mass, madrigal,motet, chanson,
desire to reflect text in the music
closer union between text and music
cantus firmus

Question 18

Humanism

Answer 18

system of thought devoted to human as opposed to religious matters
rediscovered writings on science, government; philosophy and art
“humanism was a love affair with antiquity, especially
Rededication of human opposed to spiritual values
fulfillment of life
enjoyment of senses
enjoyment of human emotions

Question 19

Moveable type

Answer 19

Johann Gutenberg: moveable type
1470 first music printed with moveable type
150 first collection of polyphony
big breakthrough for music printing; changed it all!

Question 20

how did the moveable type change music

Answer 20

more accurate
readily available
less costly
composers famous outside their own countries
composers making money
influenced styles from one area to another
new styles spread throughout europe rapidly
works preserved from this period because more copies available

Question 21

Cantus firmus

Answer 21

means fixed melody
an existing melody upon which a new polyphonic work is based
Tenor from chant until 13th cent
Tenor from other source (even secular) after 13th c.
Ex: “Amour ai fait”

Question 22

Cantus firmus Mass

Answer 22

each movement is built upon the same borrowed melody in the tenor

Question 23

Plainsong Mass

Answer 23

each movement based on existing chant for that text

Question 24

Requiem Mass

Answer 24

mass for the dead

Question 25

Contenance angloise

Answer 25

English quality use of imperfect consonances- thirds and sixths avoid disonance learned toward major tonality rather them use of church modes simple melodies- folk like regular phrasing homophonic and homorhythmic texture

Question 26

Faburden

Answer 26

three voice technique uses first inversion chords as an improvised provision to embellish chant “unwritten tradition” of embellishing polyphony- a way of elaborating upon a chant an existing piece of plainchant event infiltrated the composite style as well chant (mid voice) accompanied by P4th above (upper voice) and parallel 3rd (lower voice) unison rhythm homophonic and homorhythmic texture

Question 27

Old Hall Manuscript

Answer 27

an anthology of english compositional styles (early renaissance) contains 147 sacred pieces composed between (1370-1420) rep example of compositions from period settings of mass ordinary motets hymns and sequences Polyphonic settings of mass movements grouped together by text: all Gloria’s, all Credos together all Kyrie missing why? missing section of book or because many english composers wrote masses without kyries (4 movements)

Question 28

Musica reservata

Answer 28

suiting music to the meaning of text | using chromaticism; modal variety, ornaments and extreme contrasts of rhythm and texture in order to project the words

Question 29

Point of imitation

Answer 29

a brief passage of imitative polyphony covering short one phrase of a compositions verbal text and using a single musical motive

Question 30

Martin Luther

Answer 30

started Reformation: October 31st 1517 vernacular congregational hymnody Luther was a musician: lute and flute, poet and composer needed hymns fast taken from existing plainchant pre-reformation german secular songs (contrafacta) new hymns by Luther and others strophic hymns called chorales originally sung in unison, later arrangement in four part harmony

Question 31

Contrafacta

Answer 31

pre-reformation german secular songs

Question 32

German Mass

Answer 32

deushe messe published in 1526 by M. Luther Elements of Latin and German

Question 33

Lutheran Chorale

Answer 33

strophic hymn

Question 34

Council of Trent

Answer 34

1545-1563 addressed problems: intro of secular elem into liturgy (ex. sec cantus firmus) complex, polyphony made it text difficult to understand inappropriate behavior of church musician solutions: catholic composers asked to pay greater attention to text while composing suggest ban polyphony desire for uniformity and simp.icyt tropes and seq eliminated.

Question 35

Reformation

Answer 35

when Martin Luther separates from the Catholic Church

Question 36

Counter-Reformation

Answer 36

internal restoration of the catholic church in 1540s

Question 37

Stile da Palestrina

Answer 37

``` triadic harmony little chromaticism leaps larger than octave prohibited no dissonance long notes duple meter, beats 1 and 3 consonant stepwise (chant-like) melodies long phrases he summed up existing style of writing polyphonic vocal works in the late renaissance. ```

Question 38

madrigal

Answer 38

``` Madrigal influenced by humanism- How? most important genre of Italian secular music of 16 century vocal chamber music: one voice per part serious text (Petrarch) one stanza ending with an epigram Performance at aristocratic gatherings ```

Question 39

italian madrigal

Answer 39

``` 4 voices settings- til 1550 instrument could substitute voices contest chordal and imitative texture use of word painting Carlo Gesualdo ```

Question 40

english madrigal

Answer 40

16th century all things Italian were in vogue in Elizabethan Engl Musica Transalpina (1588) collection of Italian madrigals translated into english Elizabethan I an accompany musician and encouraged music at court poetry by Edmund Spencer (english sonnets) composers: Thomas Morley, Thomas Weelkes

Question 41

Carlo Gesualdo

Answer 41

``` (1561-1613) Italian madrigal composer exp? with chromaticism, complex rhythm and dissonance works called pre-wagnerian drama created through contrast diatonic and chromatic dissonant and consonant homophony and imitation slow and fast passages ```

Question 42

Francesco Petrarch

Answer 42

(1304-1374) Italian humanist, scholar and poet invented the 14 line sonnet recovered knowledge from Greek and Roman writings works borrowed (and style copied) for madrigals

Question 43

Triumphs of Oriana

Answer 43

collection of 25 madrigals written for the Queen Elizabeth I | Oriana- is queen

Question 44

Musica Transalpina

Answer 44

collection of Italian madrigals translated into english

Question 45

Lute song

Answer 45

imperfect in English-Renaissance John Dowland 1563-1626 Lute accompanied vocal line but independent rhythm and melody either for solo voice with lute accompany or for 4 voices (developed later) if 4 voices the parts notated for ease of reading around a table ex. Come Again My Sweet Love; Flow My Tears

Question 46

Lute tablature

Answer 46

same as guitar tab music | music that shows the hand position when playing song