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renaissance medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the second plague?

A

1655

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2
Q

How did people treat the plague?

A
  • cutting open buboes
  • using medicines that contained: herbs, spice honey and opium
  • bleeding or purging
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3
Q

How did people avoid catching the plague?

A
  • carrying strong smelling herbs
  • stayed home
  • coins were soaked in vinegar to stop the spread
  • chewed tobacco
  • fasting
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4
Q

How did the plague end?

A

a mixture of cold weather, the disease reaching the end of its natural course and the great fire of london

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5
Q

Who was known as the ‘English Hippocrates’?

A

Thomas Sydenham

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6
Q

What did Thomas Sydenham do?

A
  • made the first description of scarlet fever
  • believed in letting the body fight disease itself
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7
Q

Who were the royal society and what did they do?

A

group of people interested in discussing new scientific ideas.
- demonstrated experiments
- published books and articles to spread new ideas and discovery

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8
Q

When was the first royal society meeting?

A

1645

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9
Q

Who invented the printing press and when?

A

Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s

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10
Q

What did William Harvey discover?

A

how the blood circulates around the body

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11
Q

How did Harvey disprove Galen?

A
  • proving that blood doesn’t passed from one side of the heart to the other through invisible holes in the septum
  • proving that the body has a one-way system for blood
  • proved that blood isn’t made in the liver
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12
Q

What was William Harvey’s book called and when was it published?

A

An anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood
- published in 1628

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13
Q

How did Harvey prove this?

A
  • dissecting live cold-blooded animals whose hearts beat slowly
  • dissecting human bodies to build up detailed knowledge of heart
  • proving that the veins carry blood
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14
Q

How did Vesalius prove Galen wrong?

A
  • the human jaw bone is made from one bone, not two
  • Breastbone has three parts, not seven
  • blood does not flow into the heart through invisible holes in the septum
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15
Q

What was Vesalius’s book called and when was it published?

A

The Fabric of the Human Body in 1543

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16
Q

What did ‘The Fabric of the Human Body’ contain?

A

detailed illustrations of the human body

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17
Q

How did Vesalius research?

A

he stole the body of a criminal from the gallows to dissect

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18
Q

Who created the vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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19
Q

Describe how the vaccination was created?

A
  • he observed that milkmaids who had caught cowpox never caught small pox
  • inserted some cow pox matter into a few cuts in someones hand
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20
Q

When did Edward Jenner publish his book?

A

1798

21
Q

When did Pasteur publish germ theory?

A

1861

22
Q

What did Robert Koch do and when?

A

He made the first identification of the bacterium causing an individual disease in 1876

23
Q

What is the first bacterium that Koch identified?

A

anthrax

24
Q

What did Koch and his team discover in 1882?

A

the bacterium that caused tuberculosis

25
Q

Who created the rabies vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

26
Q

What did Edwin Chadwick do and when?

A

he wrote the ‘Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population’ in 1842

27
Q

When was the first public health act?

A

1848

28
Q

What was the first public health act?

A
  • a national board of health was set up
  • In towns where the death rate is high, local councils were made to make improvements to water supply and sewerage
  • encouraged to collect taxes to make health improvements
29
Q

When was the first cholera break out?

A

1831

30
Q

How did John Snow discover cholera in the broad street pump?

A
  • within ten days 500 people around broad street pump had died. So, he took the handle off and there were no more deaths
31
Q

What happened in 1858?

A

an effective sewer system was built after the very hot summer of 1858, with no rain, river levels fell, especially in the Thames. The smell grew worst and worst

32
Q

When was the second public health act?

A

1875

33
Q

What did the second public health act contain?

A
  • compulsory for local councils to improve sewers and drainage, provide fresh water supplies and appoint medical officers and sanitary inspectors to inspect public health facilities
34
Q

When was the Crimean war?

A

1854

35
Q

how did Florence Nightingale affect death rates in hospitals?

A

they fell from 40% to 2%

36
Q

When was the Nightingale School for nurses set up?

A

1860

37
Q

What were Florence Nightingale’s two books called and when were they published?

A
  • Notes on nursing- 1859
  • Notes on hospitals- 1863
38
Q

What did Florence Nightingale improve?

A
  • sanitation in hospitals
  • ventilation to make sure patients got fresh clean air to breathe
  • food supplies, clothing and washing facilities for patients
39
Q

What were local hospitals called?

A

cottage hospitals

40
Q

What was the first anaesthetic and why wasn’t it successful?

A

laughing gas (nitrous oxide)
- it irritated the eyes and lungs

41
Q

What did James Simpson do and when?

A

discovered chloroform in 1847

42
Q

How did Simpson discover chloroform was a good anaesthetic?

A

One evening him and his colleagues tested different chemicals to test what anaesthetic effects they had. He poured some chloroform in a tumbler and inhaled it before dinner and within minutes his wife found him ‘under the table’

43
Q

Who figured out how to regulate the dose of chloroform, when and how?

A

John Snow in 1848 by creating an inhaler

44
Q

When was surgeries ‘black period’?

A

1850-70

45
Q

What caused surgeries ‘black period’?

A
  • using too much chloroform
  • some doctors thought pain-free surgery was unnatural
  • increased blood loss and infections due to doctors attempting more complex surgeries while using anaesthetics
46
Q

What was the first antiseptic?

A

carbolic acid

47
Q

How did Lister experiment with carbolic acid?

A

he experimented by treating fractures where the bone is sticking out the skin- he would apply carbolic acid on a bandage and they wouldn’t develop gangrene

48
Q

When did Joseph Lister publish his results?

A

1867

49
Q

When was the first successful heart operation?

A

1896

History (4 decks)

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