Renaissance Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
what does renaissance mean?
A
it means rebirth
2
Q
what was the renaissance period?
A
- greater interest in anatomy
- public dissections
- return of classical texts e.g four humours and opposites theory
3
Q
who was Andreas Vesalius?
A
- he studied anatomy, became a professor of surgery and anatomy at Padua
- he did his own dissections and recorded his observations using diagrams to illustrate his work
- proved Galen wrong
- encouraged personal investigation
4
Q
what book did Vesalius write?
A
- 1543 - The Fabric of the Human Body
- employed artists to make accurate anatomy images
- this gave doctors more knowledge on it
5
Q
how did Vesalius prove Galen wrong?
A
Galen claimed the lower jaw had 2 bones not one
6
Q
who was William Harvey?
A
- discovered the circulation of blood through the body
7
Q
what book did William Harvey publish?
A
- An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals in 1628
- proved the heart acted like a pump and was responsible for recirculating blood around the body
8
Q
how did William Harvey prove the vein theory?
A
- proved veins contained valves
- valves allowed blood to flow through the veins in one direction to the heart
- Harvey tried to pump liquids through the veins in the other direction but it didn’t work
9
Q
what experiments did William Harvey carry out?
A
- dissection of human corpses and carefully observing the heart
- dissection of cold-blooded animals because their heart beat is lower, allowing for easier observation of blood
- measuring blood flow to show the heart pumps blood around the body
10
Q
why was Thomas Sydenham important?
A
- he changed the ideas about how illness should be diagnosed
- he encouraged physicians to move towards the new scientific ideas
11
Q
what did Sydenham believe was important for diagnosis?
A
- observe symptoms
- don’t solely rely on medical books
12
Q
what did Sydenham encourage his students to do?
A
- observe a patient carefully
- record a description of their symptoms
- prescribe a remedy that would treat the disease
13
Q
what book did Sydenham publish?
A
- “Medical Observations” in 1676
- his work led to a more scientific approach to medicine after the 18th centuty
14
Q
what was Sydenham known as?
A
- “English Hippocrates” because he believed in the importance of observation
- he believed each disease was different
- he identified that scarlet fever and measles were different
15
Q
what were ideas for the causes of the 1665 Great Plague?
A
- God sent the plague as a sin
- unusual alignment of the planets caused miasma
- rotten waste had caused miasma
- the diseases was spread from person to person
16
Q
what approaches to treatment were used for the 1665 Great Plague?
A
- prayers for the sick
- wear magical or religious charms
- herbal remedies
- bloodletting and purging
17
Q
how was the 1665 Plague spread prevented?
A
- place strong-smelling herbs and flowers over doorways and windows to prevent miasma
- hold posies to their nose
- chew tobacco
18
Q
what action did the government take for the 1665 Plague?
A
- Charles II ordered public prayer and fasting
- isolation for 40 days
- tar and bonfires to clean the air
- animals were banned
- large crowds were banned
19
Q
when was the printing press invented?
A
- in the 1460s by Johannes Gutenberg
20
Q
what was the impact of the printing press?
A
- easier to create books and easier access to people so ideas could be spread more easily
- the Church no longer had control over what was written in books
- ideas challenging Galen could be published
21
Q
when was the Royal Society set up?
A
- in 1660 in London
22
Q
what was the impact of the Royal Society?
A
- carried out experiments
- debate new ideas
- share new discoveries
23
Q
how was the training of physicians improved?
A
- it took a more scientific approach, encouraged observation and experimentation
- doctors could dissect bodies and use new technology
24
Q
what were the treatments for illness?
A
- bloodletting and purging
- herbal remedies
- superstition and religious beliefs
25
what was care for the sick like?
- rich people payed for private doctors
- people mainly went to apothecaries
- women were the main source of care
- hospitals were now funded by charities and run by physicians
- hospitals were starting to concentrate on treatment but most focused on providing care in the form of food and warmth
25
what was care for the sick like?
- rich people payed for private doctors
- people mainly went to apothecaries
- women were the main source of care
- hospitals were now funded by charities and run by physicians
- hospitals were starting to concentrate on treatment but most focused on providing care in the form of food and warmth
26
what was the role of the microscope?
- after William Harvey, Marcello Malpighi used the microscope to discover blood vessels
27
why was there still a lack of change?
- the ideas were slow to be accepted
- they had no direct use in improving treatment or preventing disease
- the discoveries did not improve the understanding about the cause of disease
28
how was the training of apothecaries and surgeons improved?
- they were in guild systems
- a licence was needed and these were only issued after completing training
