Renaissance Flashcards
Feudalism
Hierarchy
The social system in which nobles hold lands for the Crown in exchange for military service. While the peasants worked on mansions and produced crop and keep a part of the yield and gave the rest to the Crown in exchange for military service.
The demolition of the feudal era
The 100 years war( Peasants revolt )
- Peasants revolted because of the high rents and taxes to fund the war
- Magna Carta was signed
Social system changed
The Bubonic Plague
- killed 1/3 of the population which decreased the payment on the manors
- Manors went bankrupt because of labour shortage
-Peasants moved out of manors and into towns situated around shops
Manors
Or fiefs- pieces of land
Serfs
Peasants who were not allowed to leave the manor
Freeman
Peasants who rented land from the lord or worked for pay
Guilds
Controlled stocks prices and standard of quality and decided who got to be accepted to be a trainee or apprentice
Journeymen
A person accepted to guild after years of training and passing the test. Years later they could be considered masters of their craft and be able to have apprentices of their own
Sumptuary Laws
Regulate the consumption of expensive and luxury goods
Top Level in Social System
NEW
High Church Officials
Rulers or lords of large manors
Old noble families
*Wealthy merchants
Middle Level in Social System
NEW
Merchants and Businessmen *Craftsmen *Shop Keepers *Bankers Priests and lower church officials
Bottom Level in Social System
NEW
Peasants Rural labourers Urban labourers Servants The unemployed
Feudalism System
King
Clerks and nobles
Knights
Peasants
Tithe
Portion of crop earnings given to the Church
In 1855
French historian Jules Michelet considered the term Renaissance to describe to generations as the time of rebirth in Italy
What does Renaissance mean?
Rebirth
What did the Renaissance reawaken?
Classical learning especially about Ancient Rome and Greece
The Italian Renaissance ( Date )
1300-1600
The Northern Renaissance ( Date )
1450-1600
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Italy
City States
Individual “city states” that were not unified and had their own government
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
Because city states like Florence, Milan, Venice, and Rome had became very wealthy in Middle Ages. This in turn helped other industries grow.
Who led the city states?
The powerful and wealthy merchant class
Patrons
People who pay artists to paint for them
Florence was what?
A Republic
Who held the majority of the power?
The wealthy middle class
Who were the Medici?
Rulers of Florence
Patrons of art
Ruled Florence for 300 years( except between 1495-1512 and 1527- 1530
Included the some of the richest bankers and merchants
Cosimo de Medici
1434 he gained control of Florence
1389-1464
75 years of age
Lorenzo de Medici
Known as Lorenzo de Medici the Magnificent
Patron of Michelangelo
Humanism
Study of classical learning
Study of worldly subjects
Grammar, history, poetry etc.
Who did Humanists study?
Ancient Greeks and Romans
Who is a “Renaissance Man”?
A Renaissance Man is a person who embraces all knowledge and becomes skilled in everything
Francesco Petrarch
Assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts
Wrote Sonnets of Laura
Baldassare Castiglione
Wrote The Book of the Courtier
Niccolo Machiavelli
Wrote The Prince
Which stressed that the ends justifies the means
( Rulers should use whatever method necessary to achieve their goals)
Professional artists were? (Gender)
Men
Renaissance artists used what in there paintings?
Shading- to make objects more life like
Perspective- to give dimension and to make them look more life like
Artists studied/used
Anatomy and live models to paint more accurate depictions
What did artists reject?
Gothic architecture and instead used columns, domes, and arches
Filippo Brunelleschi
Developed the technique linear perspective.
He built the dome on the Florence Cathedral
Donatello
Sculptor To develop his technique he studied classical sculpture Famous Works: Marzocco- The symbol of Florence Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata
Leonardo Da Vinci
Renaissance Man Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, writer, and botanist Famous Works: Mona Lisa The Last Supper Annunciation John the Baptist Flying Man Vitruvian Man
Michelangelo
Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet
Famous Works:
Pieta, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Moses for the tomb of Pope Julius the second
David
Plans and engraving for the Peter’s Basilica
Raphael
Painter and architect Famous Works: The Miraculous Draught of Fishes St. Catherine Cathedral of Alexandria The Deliverance of St. Peters School of Athens Portrait of Pope Julius the second and Baldassare Castiglione
Johannes Gutenberg
1456 Gutenberg printed a complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press with movable metal type This began the printing revolution Impact: 1. Books were cheaper 2. More people learned to read 3. People gained access to knowledge 4. Ideas spread faster throughout Europe
What prevented the Renaissance from moving north?
And until when?
The Black Death
About 1450
Where did the Northern Renaissance begin
Flanders
( Northern France)
People from Flanders were called Flemish
By 1500 where had the Renaissance reached?
France, Spain, Germany, and England
Albrecht Durer
Known as the German Leonardo He studied the Italian masters His works moved the Renaissance north Painter, engraver, paintmaker, mathematician, and theorist Famous Works: Columbines Praying Hands Young Hare The Small Horse Bearing of the Cross He studied the human proportions
Hubert and Jan van Eyck
The brothers developed oil paints
Famous Works:
Both: Ghent Altarpiece
Jan: The Arnolfini Portrait and Annunciation
Pieter Bruegel
Painter Painted scenes of peasants life Also used his paintings to criticize the intolerance and cruelty he saw Famous Works: Peasant Wedding Hunters in the Snow Massacre of the Innocents
Hans Holbein, The Younger
Painter and printmaker
Famous Works:
Portraits of King Henry the eighth and Anne of Cleves
The Abbot
Erasmus
Wanted the Bible to be translated into the vernacular
Created a greek version of the Bible
Criticized the churches lack of spirituality
Wrote the Praise of the Folly which ridiculed the ignorance, superstition and vice among the christians
Sir Thomas More
Wrote Utopia where he described a ideal society with no private property, where everyone was educated, and where justice was used to end crime
Did not support King Henry the eighth and was executed
Later named a Saint by the catholic church
William Shakespeare
English poet, and playwright, and actor
Wrote 37 play with universal themes that are still used today
Characters spoke the vernacular
Many phrases and words used today first appeared in his work
Cervantes
Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright
Wrote Don Quixote
Rabelais
French writer, doctor, and monk
Wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel
What is the Silk Road?
Connecting what?
An intricate network of trade routes
Mediterranean to central Asia and Asia to China
When did the Silk Road begin?
It began during China’s Han Dynasty in 130 BC until 1453
Who closed the trade routes?
The Ottoman Empire in 1453
Where did the Silk Road stretch
What did this connect?
The Silk Road stretched through Asia with additional overland and sea routes
China, India, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Egypt, Africa, Greece, Rome, and even Britain
Who pioneered the Silk Road?
Between what times?
Zhang Qian
125 BC - 138 BC
When did the Silk Road reach its peak?
Between what times?
During the Mongol controlled Yuan Dynasty
1271- 1368 AD
What was the penalty of attempting to take silkworms or their eggs out of the country was what?
Whos tight held secret was how to make silk?
Death
China’s
Traders often traveled in what?
Caravans
Why were camels used to carry items along the Silk Road?
Because they could travel long distances without water
Why were the items carried across the Silk Road small?
Because the camels couldn’t carry heavy items over mountains and deserts
Why were oasis towns so important?
Because caravans could stop and rest and gather supplies and eat
They were also important because merchants could also trade goods with the traders
They were located along major trade routes about one day apart
What were some things that traveled to China?
Wool cloths, carpets, gold, silver, ivory, coral, precious stones, cucumbers, walnuts, sesame seeds, figs, alfalfa, and pomegranates
What were some ideas that traveled TO China?
Winemaking out of grapes and Buddhism
What are some things that traveled FROM China?
Silk, gun powder, paper, furs, ceramics, cinnamon bark, and rhubarb
What are some diseases that traveled from China?
Measles, smallpox, and the Black Death
How long was the Silk Road?
4000 Miles
How many people traveled the full 4000 miles of the Silk Road?
Very few people
How did things travel along the Silk Road?
Traders sell their items to merchants and these were exchanged along the rest of the Silk Road by aa intricate network of middlemen
What did Silk Road travelers face?
deserts, mountain passes, sandstorms, lack of water, ice storms, heavy snowfall, avalanches, and flooding
Along with thieves laying in wait for vulnerable travelers
Perhaps one of the most famous Silk Road travelers was who?
Marco Polo
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant whose adventuresome travels across Asia and experiences in the court of Kublai Khan were recorded in a book “The Travels of Marco Polo”
What was Marco Polo’s book called?
“The Travels of Marco Polo”
What did Marco Polo do nevertheless?
He helped increase Europe’s fascination with Asia and inspired a whole new generation of explorers
Perspective
The collective point of view of a specific group
World View
Collection of beliefs about life and the universe that are held by an individual
Point of View
Opinions and expressions held by an individual
Isolation
The lack of knowledge about the world
Contact
Somehow the outside world got in and forces you to see what the rest of the world is like
Change
Things change because of seeing what was happening on the outside
