REN REF CATH Flashcards
7 Features of the Renaissance
1) Revival of Urban Life
2) Commercial Enterprise based on Private Capital
3) Banking
4)The Formation of States or Nations 5)Systematic Investigation of the Physical World
6) Classical Scholarship
7)Increased use of Vernacular in Literature
Why Italy? (4 Reasons)
1) Italians preserved the belief that they were descendants of Ancient Romans
2) Italy had a more Secular Culture than most of Europe
3) Italy had more contact with the Byzantines and the Muslims
4) They were wealthier
The Renaissance (definition)
Rebirth of learning - Increased interest in Classical Greek and Roman learning
Features of Renaissance Humanism (4 Features)
1) Took human nature and all of its facets as its subject
2) It emphasized the dignity of man
3) It changed the emphasis from being the highest ideal for Man as being the life of penance to the highest ideal being creativity as well as mastering nature of man
4) While there is very strong emphasis on the Greeks and Rome there is interest in New Knowledge
Petrarch “The Praise of Antiquity”
Promoted the idea that classical learning and Christian spiritually were mutually fulfilling
Continuity between Ancient Greek and Rome and Christianity
God guides the world
Petrarch “Africa”
Became the standard of poetry written
Secular poetry is worthy
Boccaccio “The Decameron”
The Black Plague
Collection of 100 different types of stories
Emphasizes the human experience based on reality
Considered to be a pivotal book
Lorenzo Valla “The Donation of Constantine”
Constantine was the first Roman emperor to be Christian
Said the Emperor gave power to the Pope
Proved to be wrong
Textual Criticism
Baldassare Castiglione “The Book of the Courtier”
Philosophical discussion of Humanism
Major influence on Shakespeare
Desiderius Erasmus “The Praise of Folly”
Attacked corruption in Monasteries and the Catholic Church
Argued against indulgences
Erasmus “The Bible”
New edition of the New Testament
Published a new translation
Thomas More “Utopia”
No contradiction between earthly enjoyment and religious piety
Politics begin and end with humanity
Niccolò Machiavelli “The Prince”
How to rule a city-state or country
Realism not Idealism
Practical advice for a ruler
Transubstantiation
Idea that the priest operates with God to perform a miracle
Ninety-Five Theses
Questions about purgatory, indulgences, etc…
Beginning of Protestant Reformation
Consubstantiation
Not bread, not wine, not the blood and body of Jesus, but his presence
5 Indoctrinations
1) Religious Teachers
2) There are only 2 Sacraments
3) Justification by Faith Alone
4) Rejection of Transubstantiation
5) The Bible is the sole source of Authority
Ulrich Zwingli
Christian Humanist
Saving by faith alone
Consubstantiation
Simplification of Services and Buildings
John Calvin
Calvinism
Putting more emphasis on humanity
Free-Lance Humanistic Scholar
Scripture is the Source of Authority
Very low opinion of human nature
Predestination
God has total power in deciding who is elected to salvation
Two Signs of Salvation
1) Assurance
2) Be a good person
Geneva
Center of theocracy
State is important to religion
Self-indulgences were forbidden
Henry VIII
DIVORCED BEHEADED DIED DIVORCED BEHEADED SURVIVED
John Wycliffe
Translated the Bible into English
John Hus
Challenged the policies and practices of the medieval Church and so launched the Bohemian Reformation.
Key issues of the Reformation
1) Authority of the Pope
2) Practice of selling indulgences
Johann Tetzel
Granted indulgences on behalf of the Catholic Church in exchange for tithes to the Church
Katharina von Bora
The wife of Martin Luther
Female role model for Protestant women
Charles V
Opposed the Reformation on theological grounds
Lutheranism
Grace alone through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone
Peasants Revolt (German)
Invoked divine law to demand agrarian rights and freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords
Peace of Augsburg
A treaty signed to encourage religious toleration by granting a significant degree of religious autonomy to the German princes, knights, and free cities
Calvin’s “Institutes of Christian Religions”
Revised it for the rest of his life
Causes of the English Reformation
Martin Luther
Dissolution of monasteries
Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine to get a male heir
Edward
Protestant - Protestant
died at 16
Mary
Bloody Mary
Catholic - Catholic
Persecuted Protestants
Elizabeth I
Protestant - Protestant
The Virgin Queen
Elizabethan Settlement
Puritans
Didn’t feel the Church was Protestant enough
James
Scotland
Presbyterian
Thomas Cranmer
The First Protestant Archbishop
Conducted services in English
Removed altars and iconography
Closing monasteries
Catholic Reformation
Oppose the Protestant Reformation and reform the Catholic church
Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church attempted internal reform and renewed evangelization
Francisco Ximenes de Cisneros
Complutensian Polyglot Bible
Reforming the Church
Educational Institutes
period of vigorous papal leadership
Rise of bishops
Council of Trent
Reaffirmed the Seven Sacraments
Stem the growth of Protestantism
“Index of Prohibited Books”
A list of books that Catholics were prohibited from reading on pain of excommunication
St. Ignatius Loyola
Founder of the Jesuit Order
Established new directions for Catholic education, missions, catechesis, and spiritual formation
Society of Jesuits
Spread Catholicism through education and missionary work
Impact of Catholic Counter Reformation
Revitalized Catholic Church with reformed practices
Renewed focus on education and spirituality
Establishment of religious orders (Jesuits)
Effort to reclaim lost territory from Protestantism
