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Kidney Reminders > Reminders > Flashcards

Reminders Flashcards

1
Q

RTA I

A

hypokalemia, normal anion gap, associated with MM, amyloid, lupus, Sjrogen’s, Sickle Cell, and transplant rejection
H+ secretion issues

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2
Q

RTA II

A

hypokalemia, normal anion gap, associated with MM, amyloid, and wilson’s
Too much HCO3- secretion

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3
Q

RTA IV

A

hyperkalemia, normal anion gap, hyprenninemic or isolated due to AIDS, NSAIDS, UUO, nephritis
NH4+ reabsorption issues

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4
Q

Increased anion gap causes

A

diabetic, salicylate, oxoprodine (acetaminophen overdose, lactate

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5
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

aldosterone producing adenoma

hypokalemia

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6
Q

Liddle’s syndrome

A

pseudoaldosteronism
high blood pressure, no increase in renin
hypokalemia

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7
Q

Gordon’s

A

pseudohypoaldosteronism

hyperkalemia

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8
Q

Interstitial oncotic pressure components

A

mucopolysaccharides and albumin

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9
Q

ACE Inhibitors and vasodilation

A

in addition to blocking formation of ATII, also allows increase in bradykinin (PGE2), and NO production via AT1-7 (angioedema)

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10
Q

-dipine

A

calcium channel blocker

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11
Q

diltiazam

A

calcium channel blocker

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12
Q

-artan

A

ARBs

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13
Q

prazosin

A

a1 blocker (can cause precipitous fall in BP)

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14
Q

Minoxidol

A

Katp channel antogonist, vasodilation

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15
Q

Nitrates

A

veins dilator

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16
Q

Hydralazine

A

NO dependent arteriole dilator

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17
Q

Nitroprusside

A

NO arterioles and veins

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18
Q

Loop diuretic side effects

A

hypocalcemia and ototoxicity

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19
Q

thiazide side effects

A

hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia

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20
Q

crystalloid side effects

A

hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis

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21
Q

Colloid uses

A

intravenous space

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22
Q

lethargy in kids

A

indicator of volume depletion, way before BP falls (that’s too late)

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23
Q

Drugs that increase risk of ischemic ARF

A

NSAIds, ACE inhibitors, ARBs

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24
Q

F.E. Urea normal, and in ARF

A

> 50 indicates renal problem

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25
Q

Urinary to plasma creatinine ratio in renal ARF

A
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26
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

breakdown of muscles allowing for myoglobin and other toxicitites

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27
Q

epogen

A

used to treat anemia, made of recombinant erythropoeiten

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28
Q

Endothelin

A

vasoconstricting agent used in phase II and phase III of UUO. blocked by ACE inhibitors

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29
Q

UUO treatment medication

A

a-blocker

30
Q

most common cause of proteinuria in children

A

orthostatic proteinuria, benign

31
Q

Urerteric bud

A

collecting components, ureters

32
Q

metanephric mesenchyme

A

nephrons

33
Q

cloaca

A

endoderm derived, becomes bladder

34
Q

Wolffian duct

A

forms during the prenephros phase. beceoms vas deferens

35
Q

FENa in infants vs normal

A

> 10%, adults it’s

36
Q

Sensitivity to ADH in infants

A

lower than in adults–hard to concentrate urine in babies

37
Q

Causes of SIADH

A

Malignancy, pulmonary disease (TB), CNS catastrophe, nausea or pain, opiates and antidepressants

38
Q

ADH main action

A

concentrate urine

39
Q

ANP mechanism

A

Dilates the afferent glomerular arteriole, constricts the efferent glomerular arteriole, and relaxes the mesangial cells. This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries, thus increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in greater excretion of sodium and water. + MORE

40
Q

Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia

A

mutation inactivating calcium sensing receptor, causing hypercalcemia

41
Q

Hypercalcemia treatment

A

bisphosphoantes

42
Q

Bisphosphonates mechanism

A

drug inhibiting osetoclastic activity by driving calcium into bone (good for hypercalcemia)

43
Q

Drugs that can cause hypercalcemia

A

vitamin A, lithium

44
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hyperkalemia from hypoaldosteronism and decreased cortisol

Related to adrenal insufficiency and hypercalcemia

45
Q

Sarcoid and vitamin D issues, and treatment:

A

increases levels of D1,25 which can cause a hypercalcemia. Treat with glucosteroids

46
Q

Paget’s disease

A

LAte onset disease of bones causing hypercalcemia

47
Q

Denosumab

A

RANKL antibody that treats bone loss from metastases

48
Q

Risks for hypocalcemia

A

transfusion, plasma phoresis

49
Q

Composition of most (75%) kidney stones

A

calcium oxalate

50
Q

Risks for kidney stones

A

hypocitraturia and hypomagnesia

51
Q

Adjusted total calcium formula

A

total calcium + 0.8(4-albumin)

52
Q

FGF23 phosphotonin

A

FGF23 decreases the reabsorption and increases excretion of phosphate

53
Q

calcitriol

A

modulates active transport of calcium (Treats low blood calcium in kidney dialysis patients and other patients. Calcitriol is a form of vitamin D.)

54
Q

PAN

A

puromycin aminonucloside–causes proteinuria, ascites, and edema in rats

55
Q

PAN-induced nephrosis

A

increase aldosterone, increase ENaC

56
Q

Sodium retention from Na+/K+

A

independent of hyperaldosteronism, occurs in the collecting duct even before proteinuria is visible

57
Q

ANP and nephrotic cells

A

cGMP doesn’t work well.

58
Q

Minimal change “difficult topic” example

A

volume depletion secondary to Na+ retention causing high renin and aldosterone
can be due to hypoonctoic states or leaky capillaries (colloids or steroids) but you still urinate and lose more proteins when depleted despite attempts to regenerate it//

59
Q

membranous neprhopathy “difficult topic” example

A

renin and aldosterone are suppresed. looks like volume overload with sodium retention. Treat with diuretic.

60
Q

B2 agonists

A

increase Na/K pump, causing hypokalemia

61
Q

Main titratable acid

A

phosphate

62
Q

Desmopressin

A

ADH analog. Treats hypernatremia

63
Q

Most common electrolyte disorder, and its causes

A

hyponatremia:
1) GI loss
2) SIADH from drugs (opioids)
3) SIADH with symptoms due to tumor
4) CHF

64
Q

Hyponatremia with true volume loss treatment

A

Isotonic NaCl (or chicken soup!)

65
Q

SIADH treatment

A

Hypertonic NaCl OR b2 blockers

66
Q

Conivaptan

A

B2 blocker to treat SIADH

67
Q

Hyponatermia with hypervolemia treatment

A

loop diuretic

68
Q

Diabetes Insipidus with renal causes: treatment

A

thiazide

69
Q

Diabetes insipidus with non-renal causes (central) treatment

A

desmopressin

70
Q

Central Diabetes insipidus causes

A

trauma, malignancy. granuolmas, infection, sheehan’s syndrome (hypovolemic shock after child birth)

71
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus causes

A

lithium, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, sickle cell disease, sarcoid

72
Q

Non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma treatment

A

normal saline

Kidney Reminders (1 decks)

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