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Sociology- Beliefs in Society > Religious typologies > Flashcards

Religious typologies Flashcards

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1
Q

Weber & Troeltsch

A

First distinguished between churches and sects

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2
Q

Churches: feautures

A

Very structured hierarchy (pope, cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priests etc)
Regular place of worship and regular gatherings
Higher power
Holy text/scripture/guidebook
Believe in life after death
Believe they have the only truth
Wide open memberships (varied commitment)

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3
Q

Churches: examples

A 
5 out of the 6 world religions 
Christianity
Hinduism
Sikhism 
Judaism
Islamism
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4
Q

Sects: features

A

Tend to be very small, exclusive membership
Total commitment- sometimes vow of poverty
World rejecting
One, all powerful, charismatic leader (present themselves as the voice of God)
One belief in one truth- intolerance to other ‘truths’
Always a higher power

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5
Q

Sects: examples

A

Strong city
Jim Jones
Westboro Baptist Church

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6
Q

Becker

A

A denomination is a sect that has cooled down and is no longer a protest group

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7
Q

Neiebuhr

A

Long surviving sect will inevitably become a denomination (because once the leader dies, the structure must become more bureaucratic and organized)

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8
Q

Denominations: features

A 
Scriptures/guidebooks
Meeting place
Higher power
Low to medium commitment
More tolerant of other truths
More 'low church' - very plain and simple, not very ritual
Less of a hierarchical structure  
Gradually less deviant and become offshoots of a mainstream religion
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9
Q

Denominations: examples

A 
Mormons
Methodists
Hare Krishna
Baptists
Protestants
Moonies
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10
Q

Cults: features

A

Least coherent form of religious organization
Focus on individual experience
Bringing people together for self improvement
No higher power/focus on inner power
Led by a teacher/instructor
Branch or businesslike structure (pay for sessions)
Completely open membership

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11
Q

Cults: examples

A 
Crustal healing
Reiki (hands on healing)
Scientology
Transcendental meditation 
Yoga
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12
Q

Stark and Bainbridge

A

Audience cults
Client cults
Cultic movements

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13
Q

Audience cults

A

Little to none face to face interaction (eg buying a crystal online with a guidebook)
eg astrology, belief in UFOs

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14
Q

Client cults

A

Particular service to followers

eg crystal healing, tarot readings, colour therapy

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15
Q

Cultic movements

A

Most organised and demand higher levels of commitment

eg Doomsday organisations, the People’s Temple

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16
Q

Bruce

A

Argues that in the 15th century there was one dominant church and one dominant conception of God
Freedom of the individual and freedom of thought had hardly developed at all
The reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries saw the growth of greater religious freedom
Through the process of industrialization competing belief systems arose including scientific ones- practice became more diverse
Belief have become a matter of personal choice
New Religious Movements and New Age Movements have developed

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17
Q

Classification of New Religious Movements

A

Many attempts to classify the wide variety of religious groups that have emerged
Some stem from particular religious traditions- Han Krishna (inspiration from Hinduism)
Others have no connection to other religions

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18
Q

Barker

A

Human Potential Movements- liberating human potential

eg transcendental meditation, spiritualism

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19
Q

Wallis

A

Divided new religious movements into 3 categories:
World Rejecting
World Accommodating
World Affirming

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20
Q

World Rejecting NRMs

A 
Most like a sect 
Definite concept of God
Highly critical of the outside world
Total institutions controlling members' lives
Limited contact to outside world
Quite radical but can hold conservative views
Communal lifestyle
Can be millenerian
21
Q

World Accommodating NRMs

A

Most like denominations
Offshoots of an existing church or denomination
Concerned with religious matters
Seek to restore spiritual purity
Usually lead normal and respectable lives

22
Q

World Affirming NRMs

A

Lack some features normally thought to be central to religion
Access to spiritual or supernatural powers
Not exclusive
Tolerate other religions

23
Q

Wallis Evaluation

A

Often still debated
Categories are sometimes difficult to apply- does he categorize according to movements teaching or member’s beliefs
Insufficient attention to diversity- many do not fit into his typology- some have features of all three
No group can afford to reject the world all together
Stark and Bainbridge believe that it is more useful to distinguish between religious organisations depending how much tension or conflict there is between the religious group and the wider society

24
Q

Strong City

Type of Religion:

A

Sect

25
Q

Strong City

Wallis Typology:

A

World Rejecting

26
Q

Strong City

Key Features:

A 
Charismatic leader Michael (Wayne Bent)
Communal living
Exclusive membership
Very little contact with outside world
Leader puts himself above the scripture
Some took vow of poverty
Over a decade following his teaching
27
Q

Strong City

Members:

A

Left the 7 day Adventists (small denomination)
Many more women than men
People that need a sense of belonging/vulnerable
Brainwashed believers
People born into/socialised into sect

28
Q

Strong City

Reasons for joining

A

Michael promised them a life without sin
Wanted total commitment to their faith
Want to get as close as they can to God
Waiting for the end of the world

29
Q

Scientology

Type of religion:

A

Cultic movement/sect

30
Q

Scientology

Wallis typology:

A

World Affirming

31
Q

Scientology

Key features:

A 
Charismatic leader Tommy
Treat ex members + critics not very well
Want total commitment from members
Business like structure- paying for some services
It's about inner power/improvement
Psychological treatments
Consider themselves a religion
32
Q

Scientology

Members:

A

Wealthy people
Vulnerable people eg drug users
Famous people
People seeking inner peace/improvement

33
Q

Scientology

Reasons for joining:

A

Work towards a state called ‘clear’
Psychological treatment
Drug users get sober
Wanting spirituality

34
Q

Transcendental meditation/yogic flying

Type of religion:

A

Cult

35
Q

Transcendental meditation/yogic flying

Wallis typology:

A

World Affirming

36
Q

Transcendental meditation/yogic flying

Key features:

A

About inner peace rather than a higher power
Business like structure eg paying for sessions
Low commitment
Teachers for guidance
Inclusive membership

37
Q

Transcendental meditation/yogic flying

Members:

A 
Stressed people wanting to release it
People that want to be creative 
People that want to change eg ex drug users
More affluent, middle class
People that want a hobby
Fans of Russel Brand
More educated
People that have time
38
Q

Transcendental meditation/yogic flying

Reasons for joining:

A

Self improvement
Pursuit of happiness
Sense of oneness/world being

39
Q

Reiki

Type of religion:

A

Cult

40
Q

Reiki

Wallis typology:

A

World Affirming

41
Q

Reiki

Key features:

A

About inner power rather than a higher power
Low commitment
Inclusive membership
Business like

42
Q

Reiki

Members:

A

People wanting to release stress
Middle class
Hippies
More women than men

43
Q

Reiki

Reasons for joining:

A

Self improvement
An injury
Seeking spirituality

44
Q

The Moonies/Unification church

Type of religion:

A

Sect —–> denomination

45
Q

The Moonies/Unification church

Wallis typology:

A

World Accommodating

46
Q

The Moonies/Unification church

Key features:

A 
Higher power- messiah
Complete commitment eg followers are married to complete strangers, no drinking or smoking
Large membership + bureaucratic
Inclusive membership- need to be pure
Tolerant of other religions
Denomination of Christianity (sectarian cycle)
Mainstream lives
Charity/missionary work
47
Q

The Moonies/Unification church

Members:

A 
People wanting world peace
Very religious/committed to faith
Born/socialised into it
Middle class movement
Anti-wars
Wanting commitment
Ex hippies
48
Q

The Moonies/Unification church

Reasons for joining:

A

Wanting world unity
To become pure
Spiritual phenomenon

49
Q

Jim Jones and the people’s temple

A

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Sociology- Beliefs in Society (1 decks)

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