Religious Policy

Question 1

What happened in terms of religion in 1553?

Answer 1

Aug - Mary issues proclamation saying she will not change anything until Parliament met but did start sacking Protestant clergy, like Latimer, Ridley and Hooper

Oct - Parliament met and issued 1st Act of Repeal

Dec - stopped using title of Supreme Head

Question 2

Details of the 1st Act of Repeal?

Answer 2

Takes England back to National Catholicism - 6 Articles back in place, transubstantiation acknowledged, communion in one kind

Question 3

What happened in terms of religious policy in 1554?

Answer 3

Jan - 800 Prots fled England, known as the Marian exiles

March - Royal Injunctions

April - Parliament met and agreed to reintroduce heresy laws

Nov - Pole returns to England and lifts the excommunication

Nov - 2nd Act of Repeal

Question 4

Details of royal injunctions

Answer 4

Bishops ordered to suppress Protestantism and there was a removal of married clergy, Protestant ceremonies, Edward’s BCP

Question 5

Details of 2nd Act of Repeal

Answer 5

Brings back Roman Catholicism - Pope reinstated as Head of the Church

Question 6

What concession did Mary have to make to pass the 2nd Act of Repeal?

Answer 6

Mary had to promise to Parliament that she would not touch monastic land - those who had bought land after 1536 would keep it

Question 7

What does Mary do with ex-monastic crown land?

Answer 7

Returns it to the Church - lost £60k p.a. in rent from this!

Question 8

What happens in terms of religious policy in 1555?

Answer 8

Jan - commission established to look into reestablishing monasteries

Jan - Bonner’s Book of Homilies replaces Cranmer’s

Nov - Gardiner died (he had recommended only burning influential Protestants)

Dec - Pole becomes ArchB (he wanted to burn all of the Protestants)

Question 9

How many people were burned in Mary’s reign?

Answer 9

Around 280, mainly in London and the South East

Question 10

Who was the first person to be burned under Mary?

Answer 10

John Rogers, died in February 1555 (he had been involved in translating the bible into english)

Question 11

Pole’s top-down strategy: Education

Answer 11

Planned to set up seminaries to train priests

Planned to set up Cathedral schools for young boys, e.g. in Durham, Lincoln and York

Pole made himself Chancellor of Cambridge and then Oxford and set up St John’s College Oxford

Question 12

Pole’s top-down strategy: Catholic literature

Answer 12

Pole planned to publish Latin Bibles and new catechisms (problem - not enough printing presses to achieve this)

Catholic writers like Miles Hogarde published defences of the new regime. He wrote ‘The Displaying of the Protestants in 1556’ which attacked the Protestants

Question 13

Pole’s top-down strategy: 12 Decrees of Westminster

Answer 13

Synod of Westminster met to discuss how to implement full Catholicism and issued 12 Decrees tackling issues like absenteeism and nepotism

Question 14

Pole’s top-down strategy: Visitations

Answer 14

Pole established visitations to ensure Mary’s injunctions were being enforced, e.g. making sure all services were delivered in Latin

Question 15

How many Protestant prayer books are estimated to have been in circulation during Mary’s reign?

Answer 15

19,000

Question 16

Which leading Protestants wrote pamphlets in Mary’s reign?

Answer 16

Ridley and Latimer wrote pamphlets from prison to be distributed to readers in England

Question 17

Example of pro-Protestant propaganda produced by Protestant exiles?

Answer 17

Foxe’s Book of Martyrs attacked Catholic practices