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Church History > Religious Movements / Sects > Flashcards

Religious Movements / Sects Flashcards

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1
Q

Who founded Marcionism?

A

Marcion

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2
Q

What does Marcionism believe about scripture?

A

Rejected OT and made his own “canon” consisting of Paul’s Epistles and an edited Gospel of Luke.

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3
Q

What does Marcionism believe about God?

A
  • God the father is distinct from Yahweh
  • Father: purpose only for spiritual world. Loving. No coming judgment, for God of love and forgiveness.
  • Yahweh: Arbitrary God of justice, vindictive, created material world.
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4
Q

What does Marcionism believe about Jesus? (2)

A
  • Not really born, simply appeared as a grown man
  • Not made of material flesh
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5
Q

How long did Marcionism last after Marcion died?

A

Centuries

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6
Q

Why is Marcionism important to Church history? (2)

A

1) First attempt at “New Testament”
2) Church responded by developing NT canon

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7
Q

What is Gnosticism?

A

Vast and amorphous movement

Believed they had “Gnosis,” special knowledge

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8
Q

What do Gnostics believe generally? (5)

A

1) They possess special knowledge that is key to salvation
2) All matter is evil
3) Human is eternal spirit, imprisoned in a body
4) Final goal to escape material world
5) Material world created in error by an Eon

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9
Q

What do Christian Gnostics believe? (2)

A

1) Jesus had no body, appeared human, but not
2) Jesus messenger of secret knowledge

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10
Q

When was Christian Gnosticism most prevalent?

A

2nd Century

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11
Q

Why is Christian Gnosticism important to Christian history?

A

Serious threat to Christianity in 2nd Century

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12
Q

What is the Arian Controversy?

A

A theological debate that started between Alexander, the Bishop of Alexandria, and Arius, a Presbyter in Alexandria.

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13
Q

What is the primary question that prompted the Arian Controversy?

A

Was the Logos co-eternal with God?

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14
Q

The primary belief of Arians?

A

The Word was not God, but first creation, thus maintaining monotheism

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15
Q

How did the Arian belief challenge orthodoxy?

A

If Logos is a creature, that means the Church worships a creature

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16
Q

What was the major question that spawned Ebionsim?

A

How were the divine and human related in Jesus?

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17
Q

What were the major beliefs of Ebionism? (5)

A

1) The denied Jesus’ divinity and the virgin birth
2) Believed Jesus was just a dude elected by God for son-ship
3) Holy Spirit came to Jesus at baptism, empowering him as a son of God
4) Jesus should be the focus, but Father instead
5) Enabled Jewish people to remain monotheistic

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18
Q

Orthodox problems with Ebionism? (2)

A

1) Jesus divinity both implicit and explicit in NT
2) Christians prayed and worshiped Christ and sought Jesus for salvation.

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19
Q

When was Ebionism prevalent?

A

2nd Century

20
Q

What was the major question that spawned Docetism?

A

How were the divine and human related in Jesus?

21
Q

What were the major beliefs of Docetism? (5)

A

1) From Greek “To seem”
2) God is impassible
3) Matter is impure
4) Jesus came in spirit only, not flesh, only seeming incarnate
5) The point was to help us escape this world

22
Q

Orthodox problems with Docetism?

A

If Jesus isn’t really a human, how then could Jesus save humanity?

23
Q

What is the major question that spawned Apollinarianism?

A

How can the immutable word unite with mutable humanity?

24
Q

Major beliefs of Apollinarianism? (4)

A

1) Logos-Flesh: Rooted in Platonic notion of a human embodied by a spirit. Spirit united with human flesh
2) Logos takes place of human spirit, but body remains
3) Can’t have two souls
4) Jesus doesn’t have human will

25
Q

Church response to Apollinarianism?

A

Condemned by Council of Constantinople in 381

26
Q

Which people famously opposed Apollinarianism and what were there arguments against? (5)

A

The Great Cappadocians
1) God became human so we might become children of God / divine
2) Logos: son of God through nature 3) Humans: Son of God through adoption
4) Logos-flesh theology not sufficient to save
5) Whole nature has fallen, whole needs to be united with Christ

27
Q

Why is Apollinarianism important to Church history?

A

Clauses about Jesus’ virgin birth and being incarnate by the Holy Spirit added to Creed, to oppose Apollinariainism

28
Q

What was the context that led to the Donatist Schism?

A
  • 303-305: Christians ordered to hand over scriptures to be burned
  • Some 1) refused 2) turned over fake scripture 3) turned over real stuff
  • Disagreements on how to deal with the lapsed
  • Election of new Bishop of Carthage: Caecilian elected
  • One of the 3 Bishops who consecrated him was a “traditor”
  • More rigorous party wanted Majorinus elected
  • After he died, they elected as their leader Donatus
29
Q

What was the primary tension of the Donatist Schism?

A

What gives validity to the sacraments?

The worthiness of the Bishops or the authority of the Bishops position?

30
Q

What are the major beliefs of the Donatists? (3)

A

1) The church had to be pure
2) Authority of bishop or priest determined by his personal holiness
3) Rites performed by unworthy bishops invalid

31
Q

When was the Donatist Schism?

A

Early 4th century

32
Q

Where were the Donatists active?

A

North Africa
Carthage

33
Q

Why is Donatism important to Church history? (3)

A

In response to the heresy of Donatism, Augustine and other theologians developed influential doctrines:
1) Doctrine of the church
2) Validity of the sacraments
3) Just War theory

34
Q

Who is the founder of Nestorianism?

A

Nestorius: the patriarch of Constantinople

35
Q

History of Nestorianism?

A

After Nestorius was condemned, some antiochenes moved to Persia, founded school - led to Nestorianism

36
Q

What is the major belief of Nestorianism?

A

Insists on a clear distinction between the divine and the human in Christ

37
Q

Where was Nestorianism most prevalent?

A

Syria and Persia

38
Q

When was Nestorius officially and finally exiled?

A

433

39
Q

Why is Nestorianism important to Church history? (2)

A

1) Represents dissent
2) Flourishing missions in Arabia, India and China

40
Q

Who is the founder of Eutychianism?

A

Eutyches: a monk in Constantinople

41
Q

What is the major belief of Eutychianism?

A

Savior of one substance with father but not of one substance with us

42
Q

History of Eutychianism?

A

Eutyches condemned at Council of Chalcedon

43
Q

When was Eutyches condemned?

A

Council of Chalcedon - 451

44
Q

What do Antiochenes believe?

A

Distinction between divine and human in Christ, emphasis on human

45
Q

What do Alexandrines believe?

A

Divinity asserted at expense of humanity in Christ

Church History (3 decks)

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