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Developments 2.0 > Religious Language > Flashcards

Religious Language Flashcards

1
Q

Cited in Richardson and Bowmen, how does Burrell define analogies

A

“Proportional similarities which also acknowledge dissimilar features”

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2
Q

What does Aquinas say about univocal language

A

“No name belong to God in the same sense that it belongs to creatures”

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3
Q

What does Aquinas say about equivocal language

A

“Neither, on the other hand, are names applied to God and creatures in a purely equivocal sense…if that were so it follows that from creatures nothing could be known or demonstrated about God”

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4
Q

Aquinas book

A

Summa theologica

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5
Q

Univocal language

A

Means same

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6
Q

Equivocal language

A

Different

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7
Q

What does Hume say about univocal language

A

“We justly ascribe to him because those words are honourable among men and we have no other language by which we can express our adoration of him”

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8
Q

What phrase does Aquinas use to sow that what we say and know about God is limited

A

Via eminentia

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9
Q

Analogy of attribution is

A

The idea that the qualities we ascribe to one another reflect the qualities of God. It draws a causal relation between the two things being described

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10
Q

Brian Davies example of analogy of attribution

A

Bakery. To say the bread is good is to say the baker is good as the bread is the product of the baker

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11
Q

What does Aquinas think “God is living” means

A

God is the cause of life

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12
Q

Analogy of proportion is

A

The idea that the attributes of a being are unique and dependant on the type of being that possesses said attributes

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13
Q

What is the example used by John Hick that was originally used Baron Von Hugel

A

Faithfulness.

Dogs faithfulness is limited to humans
Humans faithfulness is limited to Gods

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14
Q

Ian Ramsey’s book

A

Religious language

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15
Q

Ian Ramsey’s model and qualifiers idea

A

Take a human attribute (model) and qualify it (with adjectives like perfectly) to make it clear that it is infinitely enhanced when applied to God

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16
Q

Weaknesses of analogy

A

William Blackstone: Thomson doctrine is unhelpful because we have to translate the analogies into univocal language before we can know anything - need to know how Gods love relates to humans love before we gain knowledge

St Paul: need to ‘see’ God before we can accurately express God

Still assumes similarities between humans and God but God transcends us

Duns Scotus: too vague and leaves us unable to understand God and his actions

By using analogy we lose the meaning and purpose behind what we are trying to communicate

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17
Q

Strengths of analogy

A

Evans: says nothing wrong with accepting the fact god is mysterious and that our knowledge of him is limited as long as we know enough to worship

Stops anthropomorphism

Hick: analogy enables us to make some statements about God yet we still preserve the mystery present in Judeao-Christian theology

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18
Q

How does Burrows describe myth

A

“A symbolic approximate expression of the truth”

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19
Q

What is the purpose of myths

A

To convey concepts that go beyond the basic true-false descriptors to express that which is other worldly. They allow humans to gain and insight into cosmological and existential questions that are difficult to express in cognitive terms

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20
Q

Myth is bible

A

Creation

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21
Q

What does mythological language describe

A

Apocalyptic events and eschatological expectations in the Bible

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22
Q

Quote for the second coming of Jesus

A

“With the sound of the trumpet of God…men, both alive and dead, will rise to meet the Lord in air”

Paul
Thessalonians 4:16

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23
Q

What does Braithwaite believe about religious stories

A

Are inspirational and give us the motivation to lead a moral life

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24
Q

What did Bultmann believe

A

Demythologising the bible made it meaningful. He believed we needed to access the kerygma which is done by demythologising the New Testament to reveal its truths

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25
Q

Bultmann quote about demythologising

A

“It is impossible…to avail ourselves of modern…surgical discoveries and, at the same time, to believe in the New Testament world of demons and spirits”

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26
Q

Once demythologised what does the story of Jesus walking on water tell mean

A

Helping them through difficult times

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27
Q

Is symbolic language non cognitive

A

Yes

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28
Q

How does Erika Dinker Von Schubert define symbol

A

“A pattern or object that points to an invisible metaphysical reality and participates in it”

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29
Q

How does Tillich define symbols

A

Something that “Participates in that to which it points”

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30
Q

Example of symbol used by Tillich

A

National flag
Conveys nationalism and patriotism
Shows symbols express what the believer feels about the symbol

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31
Q

What does Tillich believe signs do

A

Provide information

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32
Q

What does Rowan Williams say about religious language

A

“Like all other serious human discourse, religious language requires a symbolic foundation”

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33
Q

What does Tillich believe symbols do

A

Open up dimensions of the soul
Open up levels of reality that are closed to us
Point to something beyond us

34
Q

Randall agrees with Tillich because

A

He believes religious language is symbolic and non cognitive

35
Q

Randall argues religious language

A

Inspires, clarified our experiences and allows us to express our emotions

36
Q

Randall believes God is

A

A intellectual symbolic and “a ripple imagination”

37
Q

Phillips view on myth

A

Shouldn’t thing eternal life is literally living together but expressing a quality of life available in the present

38
Q

Macquerries criticism of Tillich

A

Cannot separate symbol and sign

Cloud is sign and symbol of rain

39
Q

Macquerries book

A

Principles of Christian Theology

40
Q

Alstons criticism of symbol

A

Meaningless as we don’t know if it’s true or not

41
Q

Edwards criticism of symbol

A

Meaningless as cannot be verified or falsified

42
Q

Hicks criticism of symbol

A

“Participating in it” meaning is unclear

43
Q

Who developed the via negativa

A

Pseudo Dionysius

44
Q

Pseudo Dionysius book

A

Mystical theology

45
Q

What does the via negativa does

A

Begins be negating the least appropriate characterisations of God then negates the most honourable names for God

46
Q

Peter coles explanation of via negativa

A

“By denying all the descriptions of God, you get an insight and experience of God rather than unbelief and scepticism”

47
Q

Maimonides book

A

The Guide for the Perplexed

48
Q

What did Maimonides believe

A

The attributes of God could be expressed in a negative terms whereby people come to an understand of what is not and therefore move closer to appreciating what God is

49
Q

Example used by Maimonides

A

Ship

By saying what a ship is not, get closer to understanding what I ship it

50
Q

Quote by Maimonides

A

“There is no necessity at all for you to use positive attributes of God”

51
Q

How is the via negativa used in Buddhism

A

Used to describe ineffible concepts like the nature of nirvana. Buddhists do not believe in God but use the via negativa to convey the essence of the ultimate reality

52
Q

Quote in Saddaharmapundarika to prove use of via negativa in Buddhism

A

“For the Tathagatha has seen the word as it really is: it is not born; it dies not”

53
Q

Strengths of via negativa

A

Stops anthropomorphism

Universal (unlike symbols and analogies)

It doesn’t limit God, James calls this the “mystical approach”

54
Q

Weaknesses of the via negativa

A

Contradicts positive statements in the Bible

Flew - negatives amount to nothing

As God is only spoken negatively, it doesn’t distinguish between atheism and theism

55
Q

Who developed language games

A

Wittgenstein

56
Q

Wittgensteins book

A

The tractatus logico philosophicus

57
Q

Why is language non congnitive

A

Primary purpose is not to make factual statements

58
Q

Wittgenstein quote to reinforce the fact that Wittgenstein believes the way we see and describe the worlds is matter of perspective

A

“I think differently, in a different way. I say things differently to myself. I have a different picture”

59
Q

Wittgenstein was only concerned with

A

The use of language not if it’s meaningful as the context it’s used in defines its function

60
Q

Donovans book

A

Religious language

61
Q

What does Donovan point out

A

Philosophers doubt think religions are games but it’s a useful way of understanding how religion has special meaning

62
Q

Donovan quote

A

“Religious language, like moves in a game, are context dependant”

63
Q

D Z Phillips take on language games

A

Language shouldn’t be taken literally

Problems arise when the word “soul” is taken literally and people look for non physical thing at core of being
Look at context of the term “soul” is used in (like language games says to) realsie it is the most important thing in life

64
Q

Strengths of language games

A

Non believers can’t criticise believers as they don’t understand language rules

65
Q

Weaknesses of language games

A

Do not allow for believers to make objective truths

Allienates those who aren’t part of the game

66
Q

Ayers book

A

Language, truth and logic

67
Q

Analytic statement is

A

“Statement, like in mathematics, that is true by definition”

68
Q

Synthetic statement is

A

“Verified by experience”

69
Q

Ayer believed religious language has

A

“No literal significant”

70
Q

Vienna circle was

A

Group of logical positivist that aimed to make religion scientific and all religious language verifiable

71
Q

Weismann argued

A

“A statement which cannot be conclusively verified cannot be verified at all. It is simply devoid on meaning”

72
Q

Why is religious language meaningless according to Ayer

A

Neither synthetic nor analytic. No empirical evidence for religious experiences so language used by believers is “nonsensical”

73
Q

Karl popper book

A

Philosophy of science

74
Q

Who came up with the falsification principle

A

Karl popped

75
Q

What is the falsification principle

A

Anything that can’t be falsified is meaningless - religious language

76
Q

Who came up with the parable of the garden

A

Anthony flew

77
Q

Flews quote on the falsification principle

A

“Dies the death of a thousand qualifications”

78
Q

How does the parable of the garden link to falsification

A

Religious believers keep changing their stories so can never be falsified

79
Q

RM Hare came up with

A

Blinks

80
Q

Bliks are

A

Non rational and cannot be falsified because they are groundless

81
Q

Hares parable

A

Parable of the lunatic

82
Q

Hick came up with

A

Eschatological verification

Developments 2.0 (3 decks)

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