Religious Change

Question 1

who replaced Wolsey

Answer 1

Thomas More

Question 2

date of More’s time as Lord Chancellor

Answer 2

1529-32

Question 3

was More a good replacement

Answer 3

No, he was a poor replacement for Wolsey.

Question 4

More’s religious beliefs

Answer 4

He had strong humanist beliefs

Question 5

who did More target

Answer 5

One of his targets was the land-owing elite. More accused them of selfishly exploiting their tenants and allowing ‘sheep to devour men’ through enclosing of land.

Question 6

who did More sympathise with

Answer 6

More was deeply sympathetic to the plight of Catherine of Aragon and grew concerned with Henry’s treatment of her and at the king’s willingness to support those to wanted church reform as a way of obtaining his divorce, though More was critical of some aspects of the catholic church, but like other humanists, he remained convinced that reform could be achieved by steady persuasion of reformers rather than by drastic action.

Question 7

what was More instrumental in

Answer 7

He was instrumental in the harsh persecution of reformers in 1528 and again in 1530-31 when he was Chancellor.

Question 8

difference between More and Wolsey

Answer 8

The difference between More and Wolsey was that, whereas W had been prepared to seize opportunities and to act flexibly in the interest of his royal master, More was of high and rigid principles, especially in religious matters.

Question 9

what did Henry decide to do in order to solve the great matter

Answer 9

Henry decided to put pressure on the pope and the clergy to get the divorce and parliament was instrumental in this. He wanted to remove the pope from the decision making process

Question 10

key decision Henry took in trying to solve the great matter

Answer 10

Pass laws restricting papal powers by recognising that these powers resided in the crown of England. Punishments would be given out to those who opposed or acted contrary to the new arrangements. His key aim was to make the sovereign the head of all spiritual matters

Question 11

pressures on the clergy and the pope - 1529

Answer 11

1529 - Parliament was encouraged to voice anti-clerical feelings - Cromwell began collecting evidence of abuses

Question 12

pressures on the clergy and the pope - 1531

Answer 12

In 1531, the clergy was accused of premunire and fined. Henry forced the clergy to acknowledge him as the sole protector and supreme head of the church and a grant of £118,000 was given to him

Question 13

pressures on the clergy and the pope 1532

Answer 13

Cromwell introduced the supplication against the ordinances in the HofC in 1532 - a petition calling on the king to deal with the abuses and corruption of the clergy. Henry later in that year demanded that the church agree to the ‘submission of the clergy’ - a document giving him the power to veto church laws and to choose bishops, even if not approved by Rome. This was designed to increase anticlerical pressure within the HofC

Question 14

when was parliament summoned and till when did it exist

Answer 14

Parliament was summoned in 1529 and the same existed until 1536

Question 15

what did Parliament do from 1529-1536

Answer 15

A series of Acts of Parliament were passed which defined the nature and organisation of the church in England. It established royal supremacy.

Question 16

what did the laws passed by parliament stripp

Answer 16

It stripped away the Pope’s control and transferred power in key areas to the king. This was the Henrician Reformation as far as Henry was concerned - it was a political reformation over who controlled the church

Question 17

acts of parliament passed with the break with rome

Answer 17

Cromwell passed a series of acts to achieve the break from Rome and establish Royal Supremacy
Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533
Act of Succession 1534
Act of Supremacy 1534
Act in Restraint of Annates 1534
Treason Act 1534

Question 18

act in restraint of appeals

Answer 18

Passed in 1533, No appeals could be made to Rome against decisions of church courts in England. All matters, legal and religious resided with the King. Henry possessed imperial jurisdiction, which was official powers to make legal decisions and judgements, which could not be challenged by the church or any other powers. It meant that Catherine could not appeal to Rome against her marriage annulment.

Question 19

act of succession 1534

Answer 19

Declared that Henry’s marriage to Catherine was void and vested the succession in Anne’s children, to deny Henry’s new marriage was declared treason. An oath needed to be taken to affirm an individual’s acceptance of the new marriage. Mary was made illegitimate

Question 20

act of supremacy 1534

Answer 20

It gave legislative force to royal supremacy. It stated that ‘the king’s majesty justly and rightfully is and oweth to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England’. This act effectively accomplished the break with Rome and strengthened the legal basis for the enforcement of the Break with Rome. The king could decide its organisation, personnel and doctrine. The pope’s authority was no longer recognised in England and re-established the king’s right to control the church of England

Question 21

act in restraint of annates

Answer 21

passed in 1534, It banned all payments to Rome, they went to the crown instead. This was designed to increase pressure on the papacy by withholding conditionally the income from the office of bishop which the papacy had traditionally enjoyed.

Question 22

treason act

Answer 22

passed in 1534 - passed to enforce royal supremacy. It became treasonable to call Henry a heretic or an usurper. It was used against anyone who persisted in defending papal authority and opponents of royal supremacy, it brought down thomas more who was executed in 1535

Question 23

role of Cromwell in the break with rome

Answer 23

Cromwell had masterminded the way for the parliamentary attack on the Church’s power, he set a precedent that statute law is superior to divine law

Question 24

effects of the break with rome on the kings power

Answer 24

1. Organisation - Act of Supremacy acknowledges Henry as head of the church. Treason Act made denial of royal supremacy a capital offence
2. Appointments - Act against Annates laid down a system for appointing bishops without approval from Rome
3. Finances - Payment of Annates, first fruits and tents transferred from pope to king
4. Church Laws - Act for the submission of the clergy confirmed the king’s control over canon laws. Further laws removed the pope’s right to grant exemptions from Church Laws and restricted appeals to rome

Question 25

implications of the act of supremacy

Answer 25

It might seem that this was a huge revelation, the pope being replaced by the king as head of the Church of England. However, medieval popes seldom had much direct involvement in day-to-day decision-making and control in England. Although the pope made appointments to senior positions such as bishoprics, it had long been accepted that the pope confirmed the choice made by the king - Henry VII and Simony. Rome was rarely appealed to for legal decisions. Monarchs in various European countries were gaining more power over the running of the Catholic Church in their territories. Henry through Acts of Parliament had declared that the Church was under his control, the changes were political and reflected the role of Henry himself in controlling the process. It can be argued that the major consequence of royal supremacy in the longer term was religious up until 1538, there were no doctrinal changes

Question 26

was there always royal supremacy in England prior to the break with rome

Answer 26

There was always supremacy the acts simply acknowledged it. It merely recognised it and set up a legally enforceable framework

Question 27

implications of the break with rome

Answer 27

It put Henry in charge of the day-to-day ruling. Appointed Cromwell as vicegerent - the king’s deputy in Church affairs gave him massive power. Increased use of parliament in matters of doctrine, redefined the crowns relationship not just with the church but with parliament. Church became subject to the poor of the state and kin’s authority

Question 28

wolsey’s role in religious change

Answer 28

Wolsey was papal legate which meant that he was uniquely given leadership over church reform

Question 29

condition of the church in the 1520s

Answer 29

Most people fully accepted Christian beliefs and remained loyal to the Catholic Church and its teaching. However, there was anti-clericalism which many people became aware of due to the advent of printing

Question 30

Attempts made by Wolsey at the start of the reformation

Answer 30

As papal legate, Wolsey instructed English bishops to carry out their duties seriously and to order inspections of the quality of religious life in monasteries and other religious institutions. As a result, over two dozen houses were dissolved. Wolsey was also interested in promoting religious learning to improve the quality of the clergy partly funded by the closing of some monasteries. Papal permission for the monastic reforms was obtained on the condition that the money gained would be used to promote education

Question 31

what did Wolsey lay plans for

Answer 31

the dissolution of monasteries

Question 32

how did Wolsey lay plans for the dissolution of monasteries

Answer 32

In 1528, he drew up more plans for closing monasteries which provided a starting point for Cromwell in the next decade, he was also responsible for removing 8 unsuitable heads of monasteries from office

Question 33

wolsey and religious change as cardinal

Answer 33

as cardinal representing the catholic church, Wolsey was strongly opposed to the spread of Protestantism in England. He encouraged Henry to take a stand against the new ideas of Martin Luther and held public burnings of Lutheran texts.

Question 34

what did Henry VIII write

Answer 34

Henry VIII wrote a book against Luther in 1521 and was awarded the title of Defender of the Faith by the pope.

Question 35

when did executions start

Answer 35

Protestant execution didnt start until 1530

Question 36

did Wolsey’s position in the church always bring him praise

Answer 36

Wolseys position in the Church did not always bring him praise. To some, he embodied everything that needed changing. He had already collected a range of religious titles during his rise to power and continued adding to them during the 1520s, these were positions that attracted good income, and he became the head of one of the wealthiest monasteries in England - St Albans. His deputy acted for him, he also embodied all things wrong with the church - he had two illegitimate children and lived openly with his mistress until 1519. He attracted criticism for the twin vices of absenteeism and plurity (the holding of more than one office at a time)

Question 37

weaknesses of the church

Answer 37

Corruption
Anti-clericalism
Decline of Monasticism

Question 38

corruption

Answer 38

A range of offences involving corruption was associated with the church. These included pluralism (receiving the profits of more than one post) and non-residence (receiving the profits of a post but not being present to perform the duties associated with it) simony (the purchase of church office)

Question 39

examples of corrupt clergyman

Answer 39

The best example was Wolsey, but many other clergymen were guilty especially as the crown used church offices as a way of rewarding its officials who were clergymen

Question 40

anti-clericalism

Answer 40

This refers to a widespread feeling of dissatisfaction with the church at a local level this could include dislike of abuses in the church and clerical hypocrisy, dissatisfaction with the role of the church in political and secular matters and disagreements with the interpretations of scriptures

Question 41

example or anti-clericalism

Answer 41

The death of Richard Hunne 1514

Question 42

richard hunne

Answer 42

He was a Londoner who had refused to pay the fee charged by the church on the death of his child. He was sued by the church they won he sued again. He was arrested by the church and found hanged in his cell. The church was blamed for his death and 3 church officials were charged with his murder this increased anger towards the clergy and it was broadcasted by prints

Question 43

decline of monasticism

Answer 43

The operation of religious houses was open to criticism which can be evidenced by Wolsey’s initial attempts at dissolution. Some historians argued that monasticism was a relic of a bygone age and had lost its sense of direction and that larger monasteries had become wealthy and no longer fulfilled their spiritual functions. The ease and speed with which the monasteries were dissolved is held to lend support to this argument

Question 44

from when did protestant ideas begin to spread

Answer 44

From 1529

Question 45

what did Henry do to encourage the spread of protestant ideas

Answer 45

Henry had encouraged criticism of the pope and the English clergy. He allowed those who demanded reform to speak openly because it suited the purpose of pressuring the pope into granting him the divorce this gave reformers influence over the future of the Church of England.

Question 46

what individuals began to gain influence

Answer 46

There was a growing influence of sympathetic individuals such as Anne Boleyn and Cromwell which enabled reformers to develop their ideas.

Question 47

how did those individuals lead to the spread of protestant ideas

Answer 47

Cromwell managed the campaign in Parliament, Anne drew Henry’s attention to the work of Tyndale who defended royal supremacy. She encouraged the appointment of reformers to positions of power and influence within the church. Her influence led to the appointment of Hugh Latimer as bishop and Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532.

Question 48

what happened by 1536 with the spread of Protestantism

Answer 48

By 1536, individuals who favoured some of Luther’s reforms were firmly established in government. In spite of Henry’s initial aversion to doctrinal reforms, they started influencing religious debate in court

Question 49

preachers

Answer 49

Preachers like John Balle started to spread protestant teachings in London, while Cranmer encouraged similar activities in Suffolk, Essex and Kent

Question 50

what further encouraged reformers

Answer 50

Doctrinal reforms in the later 1530s further encouraged these reformers as they echoed the king’s thought

Question 51

what did Cromwell turn his attention to

Answer 51

In the later 1530s Cromwell turned his attention to reforming the teachings and doctrines of the Church. In 1536, as Vicar-general of the church, he worked with Archbishop Cranmer to introduce some elements of Protestant beliefs though they had to tread carefully as Henry’s beliefs were very conservative

Question 52

what did Cromwell issue

Answer 52

Cromwell issued the 10 articles which was passed by the parliament of the church

Question 53

things included in the 10 articles

Answer 53

It included some clear Lutheran ideas but retained strongly catholic elements.

Question 54

problems with the 10 articles

Answer 54

In some aspects the articles were vague. For example, the dead were to be prayed for but there was no mention of purgatory. The wording of the Eucharist was Catholic but Luther’s views on salvation by faith alone were also clearly reflected.

Question 55

how was the act of 10 articles enforced

Answer 55

They were enforced by two sets of injunctions or instructions in 1536 and 1538 which ordered the clergy to follow the articles and explain them to their congregations

Question 56

what was passed in 1537

Answer 56

the bishops book
bible in english

Question 57

year of the bishops book

Answer 57

1537

Question 58

what did the bishops book do

Answer 58

It offered interpretation and advise, both the injunctions and the Bishops Book attacked the abuses and superstition that had come to be associated with the Church and encouraged protestant reformers

Question 59

bible in English

Answer 59

In 1537, the first official translation of the Bible in English was published by Cranmer based on the work of Tyndale

Question 60

what was passed in 1538

Answer 60

In 1538, a royal proclamation ordered that a copy of a bible in English should be placed in every parish church to be read and examined by the congregation which was very protestant.

Question 61

how quick was the doctrinal changes passed

Answer 61

These doctrinal changes were swift and significant

Question 62

what did initial doctrinal changes create

Answer 62

They created a climate for change that could not be easily reversed. In particular, the accessibility of the Bible to a wide range of people, each able to interpret and debate the word of God for themselves laid the foundations for the variety of religious beliefs that were to appear later on

Question 63

how many religious houses were present in the early 16th century

Answer 63

825 and 500 were monasteries

Question 64

what did monasteries offer

Answer 64

They offered land and employed many labourers as well as providing livelihoods for those in villages nearly.

Question 65

what does dissolution provide evidence of

Answer 65

It provides evidence of how both monarch and parliament were able to utilise their newly declared powers in the legislation of the earlier 1530s

Question 66

what did Henry’s power as head of the church mean for the monasteries

Answer 66

Once Henry was legally acknowledged as head of the church of England, questions about the accompanying reform of church institutions needed to be addressed and monasteries were on the list of targets.

Question 67

what were monasteries

Answer 67

Established houses in England and Wales where people could say prayers on behalf of the souls of the living and the dead. It enjoyed a powerful reputation within the church and played an important part in local life, places of shelter and sanctuary for travellers, sources of food and education centers.

Question 68

reasons why the monasteries were dissolved - decline

Answer 68

By the 16th century they had vanished in high regard, the number of regular clergy has declined to about 10,000 and some monasteries housed fewer than a dozen monks.
Overtime they had acquired servants to manage the day-to-day running of their houses and had accumulated wealth by spending the money they received from renting out land

Question 69

what did the decline in monasticism give Henry

Answer 69

This decline gave Henry and Cromwell their first but not their most important reason for closing the monasteries. As head of the church, the king could order inspections of any religious establishments

Question 70

what was carried out concerning monasteries

Answer 70

A survey was carried out on cromwell’s orders in 1535 to discover how wealthy the church was

Question 71

what did Cromwell’s survey discover

Answer 71

it discovered that corruption and abuses were said to be common throughout the smaller monasteries of England and Wales and gave Cromwell an accurate indication of the resources which were available for the crown to plunder and gave Henry the excuse he needed to close them

Question 72

how high was the level of corruption in the monasteries

Answer 72

In reality, the level of corruption was probably not much worse than in the clergy as a whole. However, Cromwell had instructed his commissioners to find the most damaging pieces of evidence about each institution that they visited even if it meant listening to gossip

Question 73

other causes for dissolution

Answer 73

1. Monasteries were very wealthy institutions. In 1535 Cromwell, on Henry’s instructions commissioned a survey of the property and value of monasteries, The Valor Ecclesiaticus. It revealed that these monasteries had the potential to double the crowns annual income - at a time when Henry needed money to further his ambitions abroad, seizing the assets of the monasteries was an extremely tempting prospect
2. Seizure of monastic lands would also give the crown additional property to distribute as a way of buying support from the nobility and gentry at a difficult time
3. Monasteries were permanent reminders of the Catholic Church. Although monks and nuns had been forced to swear an oath recognising Henry as head of the church, they were potential centres of resistance to royal supremacy
4. The primary role of monasteries - to pray for the salvation of souls was not in keeping with the new protestant theology of individual faith in God. For those critics of the church who wanted genuine reform along protestant lines, the monasteries were potential centres of resistance to the royal supremacy

Question 74

what approach did cromwell adopt to dissolution

Answer 74

Cromwell adopted a 3 part approach to ridding the country of its monastic traditions.

Question 75

3-part approach adopted by Cromwell

Answer 75

First, he gathered evidence to show that religious houses were unfit to continue
Second, he began to dissolve the smaller monasteries
Finally he moved to abolish the rest

Question 76

1534

Answer 76

Act of Supremacy gave Henry the power to supervise and reform all religious establishments in England

Question 77

1535

Answer 77

Cromwell sent out commissioners to survey the value of monastic lands and properties and to produce a report - the VE and he sent out a second set of commissioners to investigate the moral and spiritual standards in the monasteries, this was the stage of amassing the evidence which would be used to justify dissolution and they provided string evidence for it

Question 78

1536

Answer 78

Based on his commissioner’s findings, Parliament passed the Act for the dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries which closed all religious houses with lands valued at under £200 per year. This was presented as a mechanism for preserving and improving the quality of monasteries, the argument being that it was the smaller religious houses which had allowed standards to slip - new commissioners were sent out to supervise the closures which led to the pilgrimage of grace

Question 79

1539

Answer 79

Parliament passed the Act for the Dissolution of the Larger Monasteries, extending the closures to all religious houses except chantries

Question 80

1540

Answer 80

Court of Augmentations were established with Richard Rich as chancellor to handle the property and income from he dissolved monasteries

Question 81

effects of the dissolution

Answer 81

within the space of 5 years, Cromwell had ended a tradition of English monasticism stretching back over 5 centuries. Historians use words like ‘vandalism’ and ‘plundering’ to describe the methods used as religious houses have their valuables confiscated and melted down including the lead from their roofs - many crumbling ruins while others were sold off to become houses for the wealthy

Question 82

main beneficiaries of disso

Answer 82

The main beneficiaries of the dissolution were the king and the nobility. Henry’s seizure of the lands and assets of the monasteries brought him great wealth.

Question 83

total value of disso

Answer 83

The total value of the dissolution amounted to about 10% of the entire wealth of the kingdom and this money came to Henry in one great transfer which was used to finance the kind of ambitious FP that Henry had begun.

Question 84

long term financial effect of disso

Answer 84

In the long term, it did little to help the monarch’s financial independence as the cost of wars continued and escalated. Henry sold off monastic land to raise money, it was sold off at full market value and very little was used as patronage. More than half of the monastic lands were sold off in 1543-47, the crown lost control of these lands and the possibility of collecting taxes in the future

Question 85

who else benefitted from disso

Answer 85

Lesser gentry who used it to establish their presence in the local community, the growing visibility of the gentry class is the most important effect of disso, because it illustrated an important change in society from the traditional ruling elite to a more widely based ruling class
Protestants also benefitted, the absence of these strongholds of catholic royals dealt a great blow to the possibility of a return to catholicism

Question 86

Opposition to religious change factors

Answer 86

Resistance at Court
Resistance within the country
Monastic Resistance
Resistance within the clergy

Question 87

why did religious change mount a feeble resistance before 1534

Answer 87

Religious change mounted a feeble resistance before 1534 and although they reacted more vigorously afterwards, they had left the real challenge too late - they were unclear as to where matters were heading - most assumed the break was only temporary until Henry got his annulment

Question 88

features of resistance at court

Answer 88

More
Aragonese Faction
both tried to use their influence at court against the intensification of Protestantism

Question 89

what sealed More’s fate

Answer 89

Cromwell rigged a trial which sealed More’s fate. According to evidence provided by Sir Richard Rich, one of Cromwell’s supporters who was to become of the Court of Aug 1540s - executed

Question 90

who did those who opposed religious change hide behind at court

Answer 90

Before 1534, those who opposed the attacks on the church expressed their concerns by being sympathetic to Catherine of Aragon in the matter of the royal divorce - esp within the nobility and at court. This was a small group of nobles and courtiers led by Henry Courtenay and the Northern Lord Darcy and Hussey

Question 91

what silenced the Aragonse faction

Answer 91

From 1532, the stronger presence of Anne Boleyn and her supporters at court and the growing influence of Cromwell within the council silenced the Aragonese Faction. However, they hoped that after the divorce, Mary would be the heir - Her exclusion from the succession helped to push Darcy and Hussey into supporting the P of G - executed for treason. Courtenay was associated with Pole - executed in 1539

Question 92

resistance within the clergy

Answer 92

John Fisher had been Bishop of Rochester since 1504, he refused to swear an oath accepting the divorce - imprisoned in the tower. When the Pope declared that Fisher was to be made cardinal, Henry acted quickly and Fisher was accused of treason he was executed. Henry’s action gained support for Fisher’s cause and provided evidence for accusations that Henry acted as a tyrant when it suited him.

Question 93

who acquired local fame for seeing visions

Answer 93

Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent.

Question 94

what did the nun of kent’s visions focus on

Answer 94

By 1528, her visions has begun to focus on the king’s marriage and she has warned of disastrous consequences if he abandoned his wife. Her threats continued and she told the king to his face that he would be dead within a month if he divorced her. Those around her were playing a political game

Question 95

what happened to the nun of kents visions

Answer 95

By 1530, Bocking the monk who protected her developed her warnings into a wider campaign against changes in the church, the influence of humanism and the Boleyn marriage. By encouraging pilgrims and publishing books describing her visions and the warnings they contained. Letters were sent to More, Fisher and Courtenay and Hussey and monks in London who were to provide a centre of resistance to the Royal Supremacy in 1534 it was an orchestrated campaign

Question 96

what was done to put down the Nun

Answer 96

Cromwell acted and the nun and her mentors were arrested in 1533. Liz was executed in 1534 and her group were condemned by an Act of Attainder. Her mentors had exploited her fame for several years, they attempted to coordinate a resistance movement which represented a genuine threat that no govt could afford to ignore

Question 97

monastic resistance

Answer 97

The strongest clerical resistance to Henry came from the monastic order. While those who owned the rival monasteries dissolved after 1536 were not widely active, there were many examples of individual monks who preached against divorce, supremacy and the new heresy that came with them

Question 98

who was the most significant monastic resistant

Answer 98

More significant and more organised was the reaction of the widely respected London monks of the Canthusian order who remained closer to the strict ideals of monasticism. In 1532 - 33 they refused to accept the divorce and in 1534 resisted government pressure to agree to a declaration against the authority of the pope. Passage of the treason act forced the Carthusians to submit - they were arrested and 18 of them were executed

Question 99

what happened with resistance within the country

Answer 99

The government successfully contained them which suggests that resistance was both weak and minimal and neither a serious threat to the kings position

Question 100

scale of resistance against religious change

Answer 100

Cromwell made sure that all the changes appeared legal - passed by parliament and therefore had the approval of the important people in each locality. The treason act was an attempt to discourage opposition and where necessary it was used to silence opponents. Once the process of dissolution was underway, the heads of religious houses were given generous persons and the monks a basic pension the monasteries were also dissolved slowly which also reduced the scope for any opponents to mount a united opposition to what was happening.

Question 101

religious acts with dates

Answer 101

Act of Ten Articles 1536
First Royal Injunctions 1536
Second Royal Injunctions 1538
Great Bible 1538
Act of Six Articles 1539
Kings Book 1543

Question 102

act of ten articles

Answer 102

Passed in 1536, only 3 sacraments - baptism, the eucharist and penance were seen as necessary for salvation (Lutheran). The definition of the Eucharist was ambiguous. Confession of sins to a priest praised (catholic), Praying to saints for forgiveness of sins was rejected (Lutheran) but praying to saints for other purposes were allowed. Salvation by faith alone is reflected in the articles, wording of the Eucharist implies transubstantiation. It was an ambiguous document which showed both the Lutheran and Catholic influences of doctrine

Question 103

first royal injunctions

Answer 103

Passed in 1536, enforced the ten articles, clergy required to teach lay people about the 10 articles, the lords prayer and the ten commandments in English - against pilgrimages, relics and images

Question 104

bishops book

Answer 104

Restored the other four sacraments omitted from the 10 articles but restored them to a lower status. Offered interpretation and advice and attacked superstitious and abuses. More conservative than the 10 articles

Question 105

Second injunctions

Answer 105

Bible in English to be placed in every parish churches - removal of images from churches

Question 106

great bible

Answer 106

edited by Cranmer distributed to every parish church

Question 107

6 articles

Answer 107

Re-asserted catholic doctrine - denial of transubstantiation was declared heretical. A triumph for conservatives, founded on the idea that there had been too much religious controversy that undermined the good ordering of society - two reformer bishops resigned - Latimer and Shaxton

Question 108

kings book

Answer 108

revised the bishops book emphasis placed was largely conservative but with some Lutheran hints

Question 109

changes to the church structure

Answer 109

King becomes supreme head of the church
Cromwell appointed as Vicegereent in 1534 - second to the king - outranked bishops and archbishops - have him power over the church

Question 110

continuity

Answer 110

Some aspects of the Church in 1547 remained unchanged.
1. Hierarchy remained intact
2. Little Attempt to alter the interior of churches and services remained largely traditional in form
3. Passing of the Act of 6 Articles in 1539 and the fall of cromwell in 1540 weakened the cause of religious reform greatly
4.. Services continued to be held in latin and music continued to be an important part of services in cathedrals

Question 111

change

Answer 111

1. The jurisdiction of the pope had been destroyed, the king was a much more visible authority figure than the pope whose grip on the church had been remarkably loose much of the time
2. Many monasteries were falling to ruin and there had been a massive transfer of resources from the church to the crown through the dissolution
3. Parish churches were required to keep a bible in English although many didn’t.