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Religious Studies > Religious attitudes to matters of life (medical ethics) > Flashcards

Religious attitudes to matters of life (medical ethics) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 fertility treatments?

A
  1. IVF
  2. AID
  3. AIH
  4. Surrogacy
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2
Q

What is IVF?

A

In vitro fertilisation (in glass)

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3
Q

What is the process of IVF?

A
  • egg and sperm collected and brought together in a Petri dish
  • fertilisation of egg occurs
  • implanted into woman’s womb so a normal pregnancy occurs
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4
Q

What is AID/H?

A

Artificial insemination by donor/husband

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5
Q

What is the process of AID/H?

A
  • semen collected to fertilise the egg
  • samples placed into woman’s womb, making fertilisation more likely to happen
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6
Q

When is AID used?

A
  • husband has no sperm count (infertile)
  • husband has genetic disease he doesn’t want to pass
  • both female partners
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7
Q

When is AIH used?

A

Husband has low sperm count

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8
Q

What is surrogacy?

A

Another woman carries a pregnancy to full term for a couple

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9
Q

What are the **Buddhist **teachings about fertility treatment?

A
  • ahimsa - loving kindness and non-violence to all sentient beings
  • all lives are shaped by karma and suffering in this life is from karma
  • life exists from conception
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10
Q

What are the Buddhist attitudes to fertility treatment?

A
  • having families is a major focus
  • fertility treatments as showing compassion
  • their predicament as a result of previous karma
  • concern over throwing away excess embryos (killing)
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11
Q

What are **Christian **teachings about fertility treatments?

A
  • go forth and multiply (Genesis)
  • God knows each of us intimately and has set a plan for our life (Old Testament)
  • infertility is a call from God to adopt (Roman Catholic teaching)
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12
Q

What are the **Christian **attitudes to fertility treatments?

A
  • fertility treatment is God’s gift of medicine and an extension of Jesus’ teachings of love
  • Roman Catholics see is as wrong as children should be conceived by a couple during marriage
  • some are halfway: accept fertility treatments but see donors materials as adultery
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13
Q

What are the Hindu teachings about fertility treatments?

A
  • the householder (grihastha) stage of life should lead to children in a family
  • all men come into the world burdened by ancestor debt. The only way to repay this is by fathering a son
  • Karma shapes our lifetimes, and we have to face difficulties to repay bad karma from the past
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14
Q

What are the Hindui attitudes to fertility treatment?

A
  • Children are important, especially boys
  • pressure of having children, and if that means through artificial means, then it is ok
  • Levirate marriage (conceiving with a second wife/husband) is accepted, so donor material are accepted
  • fertility treatments are seen as compassionate, such as surrogacy
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15
Q

What are Islam teachings about fertility treatment?

A
  • Allah gives life to whom he chooses (Qur’an)
  • ‘Marriage is my tradition’ (Muhammas pbuh)
  • Do not come near adultery or fornication for it is shameful (Qur’an)
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16
Q

What are the Muslim attitudes to fertility treatment?

A
  • marriage and having children is a duty
  • Allah blesses couples with the gift of children, it is his will if someone is unable to have a child
  • Most accept fertility treatments, as it is a gift from Allah
  • donor materials are seen as adultery and fornication, so it is wrong
17
Q

What are Jewish teachings about fertility treatment?

A
  • Go forth and multiply (Genesis)
  • Do not commit adultery (Exodus)
  • There are several stories of women being ‘helped’ to conceive when obviously infertile in the Tenakh, such as 2 Kings 4:14-16
18
Q

What are the Jewish attitudes to fertility treatment?

A
  • Judaism accepts fertility treatments, as long as there are not donor materials
  • egg and sperm must be from couple
  • donor sperm is considered as adultery (breaks Ten Commandments)
  • the mand would have to ‘waste seed’ because the child would not be his
19
Q

What are the Sikh teachings about fertility treatment?

A
  • ‘May you have seven sons’ (traditional wedding blessing)
  • Any third person within a marriage is seen as adultery
  • God gives life, which is an expression of his will (Guru Granth Sahib)
20
Q

What are the Sikh attitudes to fertility treatment?

A
  • encourages couples to have children
  • fertility treatment must not involve donor materials (adultery, which is one of the Four Abstinences)
  • fertility treatments as God-given knowledge
21
Q

What is the Human Embryo and Fertilisation Act (1990)?

A

Set up rules for scientists- show respect to embryonic life by destroying the embryo after 14 days

22
Q

What is embryo research?

A

Learning about the development of embryos and genetic diseases. The aim is to find cures

23
Q

What is stem cell research?

A

Embryos have stem cells, that can develop into any part of the human body, so they can be used to grow organs

24
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Modifying the genetic make up of cells to treat hundreds of genetic disorders and diseases

25
Q

What are transfusions?

A

Usually blood transfusions, where a person would be given blood to replace what has been lost

26
Q

What is transplantation?

A

Organ transplantation is used when somebody’s organ is failing or has failed, so needs to be replaced. Some donate when alive and some donate when dead

27
Q

What is xenotransplantation?

A

Genetically modifying animals’ organs so it can be used for humans

28
Q

What are the Buddhist teachings to maintaining life?

A
  • Buddha gave up his own life to save others
  • Bodhisattva vow- to help all who need help
  • Cherish in your hearts boundless goodwill to all beings (Buddha)
29
Q

What are the Buddhist attitudes to maintaining life?

A
  • transfusions and transplants are the individual’s choice
  • good to help others, usually selflessly
  • concerns about experimenting on embryos (embryos might feel pain or have consciousness)
  • if it works, it would help many people in the future
30
Q

What are the Christian teachings to maintaining life?

A
  • All life is sacred, and should be respected because it is given by God
  • Jesus helped others
  • Love one another (Jesus to his disciples)
31
Q

What are the Christian attitudes to maintaining life?

A
  • embryo research is wrong and against natural law
  • foetus should be given same respect as a person
  • all life is sacred
  • many see the potential benefit in the future (embryos used were discarded anyway, so it is making something good from bad)
  • cloning is seen as playing God
  • organ donation and blood transfusion are acts of kindness
  • Pope Benedict XVI ‘free act of good will’ agreed to be a donor after death
  • Jehovah’s Witnesses believe in bloodless surgery as they believe the life is in the blood
32
Q

What are the Hindu teachings to maintaining life?

A
  • Hinduism has stories where human body parts are used to help others
  • All things, including humans, are expressions of Brahman
  • Daya (compassion) and dana (charity) must be practised by Hindus
33
Q

What are the Hindu attitudes to maintaining life?

A
  • nothing in scriptures which prevents Hindus from being blood or organ donors
  • fits well with duties and efforts to attain moksa
  • cloning is not seen as creating souls, so it is ok
  • embryo research uses live embryos, so it is wrong as it experiments on human life
34
Q

What are the Muslim teachings to maintaining life?

A
  • Whoever saves a life, it would be as if he has saved the life of all people (Qur’an)
  • Shari’ah law prohibits the mutilation of a body
  • Do not take life- which Allah has made sacred- except for just cause (Qur’an)
35
Q

What are the Muslim attitudes to maintaining life?

A
  • embryo research is wrong (it is alive so it is sacred)
  • if the embryo is from miscarriage or an abortion, then it is acceptable for the benefit of others
  • cloning is playing God and shirk (blasphemy)
  • should not cut up dead bodies
  • transplants are saving lives, so Shari’ah law allows it as lesser of two evils
  • blood transfusion helps others, so is encouraged
36
Q

What are the Jewish teachings to maintaining life?

A
  • If one is in the position to be able to donate an organ to save another’s life, it is obligatory to do so (Rabbi Moses Tendler)
  • A basic principle of Jewish ethics is the infinite worth of a human being
  • It is forbidden to mutilate a body, and the whole body must be buried
37
Q

What are the Jewish attitudes to maintaining life?

A
  • genetic engineering is acceptable if it is to get rid of disease, but not to improve G-d’s creation (blasphemy)
  • live embryo research is wrong
  • obligation to preserve human life, so transplants and transfusions are accepted
  • heart transplants are not acceptable (as the time between certified death and removal of heart is uncelar, so the removal could have caused the death)
38
Q

What are the Sikh teachings to maintaining life?

A
  • Sewa - service to others as an act of worship
  • Life begins at conception, and is given by God
  • Caring for the sick has been part of Sikhism from the earliest days of the faith
39
Q

What are the Sikh attitudes to maintaining life?

A
  • embryo experiments are wrong because life begins at conception
  • genetic engineering is accepted where it prevents disease, but not improving what God created
  • cloning could either be helpful or against God
  • transplants and transfusions both help others
  • body is just a waste after death, so can be used to help others instead
  • God gave humans this knowledge, so it is wrong not to use it

Religious Studies (8 decks)

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