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religiosity and social groups Flashcards

1
Q

what is religious belief?

A

believing that the world is controlled by supernatural forces e.g., a god

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2
Q

what is religiosity?

A

how religious the person is

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3
Q

GENDER DIFFERENCES

A
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4
Q

who are the biggest consumers of religion?

A

women

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5
Q

what are they more likely to do?

A

have religious beliefs and practice their religions

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6
Q

what is this true for?

A

all faiths and religious organisations including NRMS AND NAMS

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7
Q

what is the exception?

A

Islam, where men show greater commitment and involvement

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8
Q

how much do female churchgoers outnumber males?

A

half a million (Brierley 2005)

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9
Q

what percentage of women say they have a religion compared to men according to the British Social Attitudes Survey 2012?

A

55% vs 44%

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10
Q

what percentage of women are atheists or agnostics vs men?

A

34 % vs 54%

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11
Q

what are women more likely to do in all major faiths in the UK except for Sikhs?

A

practice their religion (Ferguson and Hussey 2010)

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12
Q

who identified 3 main reasons for women’s higher levels of religiosity/participation compared to men?

A

Miller and Hoffman (1995)

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13
Q

what are the 3 reasons identified by Miller and Hoffman (1995)?

A
  1. risk-taking
  2. socialisation
  3. gender roles
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14
Q

what does risk-taking mean?

A

men are less religious than women because they have a greater taste for risk i.e. the risk they won’t go to heaven. if women are more risk-averse they’re more likely to be religious as a safeguard

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15
Q

1 criticism of risk-taking

A

Davie (2013) notes that the virtual disappearance of risks associated with childbirth throughout history, women in western societies face fewer risks and may be becoming less religious

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16
Q

what does socialisation mean?

A

women are socialised to be more passive, obedient and caring which are qualities valued by religions, so women are more likely than men to be attracted to religion

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17
Q

1 criticism of socialisation

A

men who also have these qualities are more likely to be religious

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18
Q

what does gender roles mean?

A

women are more likely to work part-time or to be full-time carers, so have more time and opportunity for religious activities. women are also more likely to be attracted to the church as a source of gender identity

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19
Q

what does Greeley (1992) argue increases women’s religiosity?

A

their role in taking care of other family members because it involves responsibility for their ‘ultimate’ welfare as well as their everyday needs

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20
Q

what does Davie (2013) argue women are closer to?

A

birth and death which brings them closer to ‘ultimate’ questions about the meaning of life that religion is concerned with

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21
Q

what does Davie (2013) say men view their God in terms of?

A

power and control

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22
Q

what does Davie (2013) say women view their God in terms of?

A

love, comfort and forgiveness

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23
Q

quote from Simone De Beauvoir from her book ‘The Second Sex’

A

‘man enjoys the great advantage of having God endorse the code he writes’

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24
Q

3 reasons women are more attracted to NAMS

A
  1. they celebrate the ‘natural and involve healing’
  2. they emphasise the importance of being ‘authentic’
  3. they appeal to the individual sphere and personal autonomy
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25
Q

why are women more attracted to NAMS if they celebrate the ‘natural’ and involve healing?

A
  • Bruce (2011) - women’s experience of child-rearing make them less aggressive
  • where men wish to achieve, women wish to feel
  • women are often associated with ‘nature’ so are attracted to these organisations which gives women a higher status and sense of self-worth
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26
Q

why are women more attracted to NAMS if they emphasise the importance of being ‘authentic’?

A
  • emphasises the importance of being authentic rather than acting out gender roles
  • more likely to perceive their roles as restricitve
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27
Q

why are women more attracted to NAMS if they appeal to the individual sphere and personal autonomy?

A
  • Woodhead (2001) - for women in paid work who experience a conflict between their instrumental and expressive role, NAMS appeal to a third sphere called the individual sphere
  • individual sphere - concerned with the individual autonomy and personal growth
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28
Q

1 criticism from Bruce (1996)

A

there are social class differences in religiosity. New Age beliefs tend to appeal to some m/c women. w/c women tend to be more attracted to ideas that give them a passive role or fatalistic ideas e.g., horoscopes

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29
Q

how many more women than men does Bruce (1996) estimate are involved in sects?

A

twice as many

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30
Q

what is one explanation for this?

A

sects offer compensators for different types of deprivation which are more common among women

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31
Q

what are the 3 types of deprivation according to Stark and Bainbridge (1985)

A
  1. organismic deprivation
  2. ethical deprivation
  3. social deprivation
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32
Q

why are women more likely to suffer from organismic deprivation?

A

stems from physical and mental health problems. women are more likely to suffer ill health, thus seeking the healing that sects offer

33
Q

why are women more likely to suffer from ethical deprivation?

A

women tend to be more morally conservative, thus are more likely to regard the world as being in moral decline and be attracted to sects, which often share this view

34
Q

why are women more likely to suffer from social deprivation?

A

sects attract poorer groups and women are more likely to be poor (Weber ‘theodicy of disprivilege)

35
Q

what form of religions is Pentecostalism regarded as?

A

patriarchal form of religions, where men are seen as both head of the church and head of the household

36
Q

what is the Pentecostal gender paradox identified by Martin (2000)?

A

Pentecostalism attracting many women despite being patriarchal

37
Q

why is Pentecostalism attractive to women?

A
  • Bruso (1995;2012) - Pentecostalism demands its followers to adopt an ascetic (self-denying) lifestyle and insists on a traditional gender division of labour.
  • women can use these ideas to combat the culture of machismo - men are pressured by their community to act responsibly and redirect their income back into the household to raise the standard of living for women and children
38
Q

1 criticism of the Pentecostal gender paradox

A

Douglas (1994) - although official Pentecostal doctrine dictates that men should have authority over women, church magazines and educational material encourage more equal relations within marriage

39
Q

what has happened to women’s religious activity in the UK?

A

there has been a decline

40
Q

what are the reasons for this?

A

the movement of women into paid work and their rejection of traditional subordinate gender roles

41
Q

why have women rejected subordination?

A

because traditional religions have tended to be closely bound up with traditional gender roles

42
Q

what has women’s rejection of subordination led them to do?

A

reject traditional religion at the same time

43
Q

AGE DIFFERENCES

A
44
Q

what % of Christians in England and Wales were over 65 according to the 2011 Census?

A

22%

45
Q

what % of Muslims in England and Wales were over 65 according to the 2011 Census?

A

3.9%

46
Q

how many people who said they had no religion were under 25?

A

more than a third

47
Q

what are middle-aged groups more likely to get involved in?

A

world-affirming movements

48
Q

what are sects and cults more likely to be populated with?

A

young adults

49
Q

why are sects appealing to young adults?

A

because of their messages of frienship and companionship

50
Q

why are young adults attracted to messages of friendship and companionship?

A

because they may be experiencing anomie and detachment from the world

51
Q

what do cults appeal to in young adults?

A

their inner thoughts and feelings

52
Q

ETHNIC DIFFERENCES

A
53
Q

what groups did the 1994 PSI Fourth Survey of Ethnic Minorities are more religious?

A

nearly all ethnic minority groups than white groups

54
Q

what does religion maintain within ethnic minority groups?

A

a sense of community and cultural identity

55
Q

what does Johal (1998) claim has become of key importance to members of ethnic minorities?

A

religious identity

56
Q

what does Davie (1994) say is important with a reigious organisation?

A

identification

57
Q

why does Davie (1994) say identification is important?

A

it gives a sense of cultural identity and a feeling of belonging

58
Q

what did Modood et al find that Pakistani and Bangladeshi Muslims in the UK identify themselves as?

A

Muslim, rather than British, Pakistani, Bangladeshi

59
Q

why do Muslim girls feel liberated by wearing headscarfs?

A

they aren’t subjected to the same stereotypes and values as non-Muslim girls

60
Q

what did Christian African Caribbeans attempt to incorporate into?

A

the establised churches of the UK

61
Q

what did Christian African Caribbeans find when they attempted to incorporate into established churches?

A

racism within many congregations

62
Q

how did Christian African Caribbeans tackle racism within established churches?

A

develop their own churches and ways of worshipping e.g., Pentecostal churches

63
Q

what does religion act as for new immigrants?

A

a support mechanism

64
Q

what does religion acting as a support mechanism for new immigrants allow them to do?

A

share their culture

65
Q

what is cultural transition identified by Bruce (2002)

A

when ethnic minorities e.g., south asians set up their own established religious organisations e.g., mosques

66
Q

what did Modood et al find evidence in a decline in religious practice among?

A

asian men in the UK

67
Q

what are young sikh men less likely to do than older sikh men?

A

wear a turban

68
Q

CLASS DIFFERENCES

A
69
Q

what religions are m/c more likely to be?

A

anglican and quaker

70
Q

what religions are w/c more likely to be?

A

roman catholic or methodist

71
Q

what class is religious participation greater in?

A

m/c

72
Q

what % of regular church-goers are m/c?

A

62%

73
Q

why is religious participation higher among the m/c?

A

religious affiliation is seen as a desirable social characteristic

74
Q

what is church seen as an opportunity for among the m/c?

A

social networking

75
Q

what do some sociologists say participation in denominations and sects is based on?

A

class position

76
Q

why do some sociologists say participation in denominations and sects is based on class position?

A

they claim that there are m/c denominations and w/c denominationsq

77
Q

what class did Bruce (1995) say cults primarily are?

A

m/c

78
Q

why does Bruce (1995) say cults are primarily m/c?

A

they fulfil spiritual needs for people who have little financia pressure

beliefs (2 decks)

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