religion exam #2

Question 1

Cults

Answer 1

Start something brand new, lead by a chromatic leader, witch cult is short lived after death of leader, small group but high level of tension. Tend to be small and short lived. (high tension)

Question 2

Sect

Answer 2

breakaway group doesn’t want to start new things. Argue they want to go back to the old ways. (high tension)

Question 3

Church

Answer 3

born into it, religious monopoly, little competition, low tolerance for diversity

Question 4

Cult

Answer 4

weird or evil- now called new religious movement- chromatic leader

Question 5

Sect

Answer 5

Exclusive, claims to have the religious truth, religious obligations are equal, is a protest group against church wider culture and state, short-lived turns into denomination after a generation.

Question 6

Denomination

Answer 6

institution distinctive of protestant community, second generation membership.

Question 7

Problems with the term cult

Answer 7

problem is the term has gain negativity and as now new religious movement

Question 8

Branch Davidians

Answer 8

the branch davidians were very Christian base and believes in the book of revelation.

Question 9

Natural religious communities

Answer 9

Little differentiation between the religious and sociocultural life of the community: family life, polity, economy, warfare. These groups are joined by biological-blood relations, kinship, geography, or culture. You are either born or married into this group.

Question 10

Voluntary religious communities

Answer 10

There is a partial break with the natural ties.

Question 11

Founded religions

Answer 11

The community is established through the unique role of a religious leader. The leader is usually called a prophet, reformer, or master.

Question 12

Max Weber

Answer 12

spoke of this distinct power. A certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities.

Question 13

Routinization of charisma

Answer 13

The standardizing of doctrine, discipline, worship, and organization.

Question 14

New Age religious movements

Answer 14

display a luxuriant diversity of religious expression. They are also shaped by contemporary popular culture and lifestyles.

Question 15

Scientology

Answer 15

Worldwide movement, Has been harshly criticized but also praised by outside observers. Became a religion with the founding of the church of scientology in 1954.

Question 16

Wicca

Answer 16

Also known as Neo-pagan witchcraft. “Pagan” means “Dweller of the countryside”. Characterized by its veneration of nature, expressed throughout spiritually and ritually through the evocation of pre-Christian polytheistic gods.-Rich complexity of its ritual activity

Question 17

Various ways in which scripture is used

Answer 17

1.) for instruction and educational purposes, 2.) its role in public worship and ritual, 3.) for meditation and devotion, 4.) use as an object of religious devotion. 5.) for its magical function

Question 18

Mantra (OM)

Answer 18

is regarded as uncreated and eternal. Katha Upanishad speaks of Om as “imperishable. This syllable is the end supreme”. When hearing chanting of this one is joines to the basic sound or vibration of the universe.

Question 19

Guru Granth Sahib

Answer 19

is a collection of devotional hymns and poetry which proclaims God, lays stress on meditation on the True Guru (God), and lays down moral and ethical rules for development of the soul, spiritual salvation and unity with God.

Question 20

Hadith

Answer 20

is a saying or an act or tacit approval or disapproval ascribed either validly or invalidly to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. A profits teachings and practices.

Question 21

Canon

Answer 21

comes from the Greek “kanon” and is referred to as a measuring rod or a rule.

Question 22

Hermeneutics

Answer 22

Is the interpretation of scripture

Question 23

Written Torah

Answer 23

consists of the five books of the Hebrew Bible .The scripture that non-Jews call the Old Testament

Question 24

Oral Torah

Answer 24

• comprises the legal and interpretative traditions that, according to tradition, were transmitted orally from Mount Sinai, and were not written in the Torah.

Question 25

Liberation Theology

Answer 25

is a political movement in Catholic theology which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in relation to a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions.

Question 26

Nut and Geb

Answer 26

Nut is the sky goddess that’s blue with golden stars, geb is the earth god that’s a male, that is the color of plants and mud. (green and brown). The sky is Nut’s body, arching from horizon to horizon. Geb is the Earth, lying beneath her. During the day, Nut and Geb are separated, but each evening Nut comes down to meet Geb and this causes darkness. If storms came during the day, it was believed that Nut had come closer to the earth.

Question 27

mother goddess

Answer 27

“mother earth” a goddess who represents motherhood, fertility, creation, or who embodies the bounty of the earth. Pregnant with life but also virginal

Question 28

Ludwig Feurbach

Answer 28

German philosopher and moralist remembered for his influence on Karl Marx and for his humanistic theologizing. (long beard)

Question 29

Polytheism

Answer 29

Recognition and worship of more than one god; conceives of sacred power as being manifested in diverse forms.

Question 30

Pantheon

Answer 30

designates all of the gods of a society taken collectively. Derives from the great pantheon at Rome.

Question 31

monarchical polytheism

Answer 31

designed to differentiate differing forms of the phenomenon

Question 32

dualism

Answer 32

dualism of china that is very ancient and reflects a benign, complementary conception of two primordial sacred cosmic forces or principles.

Question 33

Zoroastrianism

Answer 33

is the ancient, pre-Islamic religion of Persia (modern Iran). Founded by the Iranian prophet and reformer Zoroaster

Question 34

Ahura Mazda

Answer 34

The supreme deity and wise lord of light. Iranian sky god,

Question 35

Angra Manyu

Answer 35

The “bad spirit” the god of darkness, evil spirits.

Question 36

Pantheism

Answer 36

“All god” the doctrine that all that exists is god and god is all in all. God and nature are interchangeable terms.

Question 37

Henotheism

Answer 37

-“one god” in which one god is supreme but others exist.

Question 38

Anthropomorphism

Answer 38

Meaning “of human form”; used for the attribution of human qualities to the divine or god. Often used critically as the conceiving of god or the gods in too-human form.

Question 39

creatio ex nihilo

Answer 39

is the belief that God created this world out of nothing

Question 40

creation science

Answer 40

a religious belief, biblical creation. Argues that we can use the bible and that it is accurate. Subscribing to a statement of faith.

Question 41

intelligent design

Answer 41

affirms evolution, irreducible complexity, if you remove just one part of the system it does not function anymore.intelligent design is not a form of anti-evolutionism. Intelligent design does not claim that living things came together suddenly in their present form through the efforts of a supernatural creater. Intelligent design is not and never will be a doctrine of creation.

Question 42

Cosmogony

Answer 42

refers to those stories or theories that have to do with the birth or creation of the world or universe. Where the earth started.

Question 43

types of cosmology

Answer 43

procreation from primal substance, sexual union of primal male/female pair, creation by conflict/ordering of chaos, creation by divine craftsman, creation by decree)-

Question 44

Procreation from a primal substance

Answer 44

These creation stories portray creation as a process which either happens spontaneously as a divine being comes out of the primal substance (mud, water, chaos, non-being, etc). A very common theme in these stories is the emanation of primal elements from a watery chaos. The divine being then creates other beings and object through a variety of means.

Question 45

The Sexual Union of a Primal Male and Female

Answer 45

• These stories may view creation as spontaneous (as above). Unlike the stories mentioned above, however, the rest of the gods, people, and creation are given birth through the sexual union of divine beings such as the Sky God and Mother Earth. Livingston notes the prevalence of this type of creation in Japanese Shinto religion. However, it also a theme in many ancient religions throughout the world.

Question 46

Creation by Conflict and the Ordering of Chaos

Answer 46

A theme present in many creation stories is the idea that the cosmos is created or ordered through a battle with terrible powers or monsters, generally represented by a Dragon, Serpent or the Leviathan. The best example of this creation story is the ancient Babylonian epic Enuma elish. In this story the god Marduk slays Ti’amat, (the sea) and fashions the sky and earth with the body of Ti’amat. Marduk then proceeds to bring order to the gods who build the city of Babylon. Finally Marduk creates human beings to serve the gods.

Question 47

Creation by a Divine Craftsman

Answer 47

A number of traditions believe that the cosmos was made by some sort of “divine craftsman” who took pre-existing material and fashioned all things from it. This notion is prevalent in Greek philosophic thought beginning in the Sixth Century BCE. The important thing to remember about this understanding of creation is that the “stuff” from which all things are made is considered to be eternal. The Greek philosophers differed over the exact nature of this eternal matter: was it fire, water, or even “atoms”? What was the force (the “eternal cause”) that shaped this eternal stuff: Love, Hate, the Mind (nous)? Plato called this eternal cause the Demiurge, or Craftsman who shapes the world according to pre-existent, eternal Forms or Ideas.

Question 48

Creation by Decree or from Nothing

Answer 48

While present in other traditions, the concept of creation from nothing (creatio ex nihilo) is most closely associated with the creation story in Genesis 1:1-2:4a. This story was probably given its final form in the sixth or fifth century BCE, although it may have existed in oral tradition for some time before it was written down.

Question 49

Transformative effect of scripture

Answer 49

sacred book possesses transformative power when studied, read, or recited this separates the profane books from sacred

Question 50

Livingston’s shared features of scripture (with examples illustrating each feature)

Answer 50

sacred texts achieve a normative or canonical status, they take on certain features that they share, with other sacred scriptures.
Sacred scripture possesses, first of all, this quality of sacred power and thus it becomes an object of reverence and veneration.
scripture’s transformative effect

Question 51

Axial age

Answer 51

From the 6-8 century. Curious period greatest world religions appeared.

Question 51

Know about the sociological profile of the typical alternative religious movement member

Answer 51

early 20s highly educated, avid readers, that are seekers (looking for something)