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OCR GCSE Ethics > Religion and Medical Ethics > Flashcards

Religion and Medical Ethics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of abortion?

A

The premature expulsion of the foetus from the womb before pregnancy reaches full term (40 weeks)

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2
Q

5 arguments pro-life

A
  1. Every child is a precious and unique gift from God. We have no right to destroy this.
  2. The rights of the unborn child are equal to those of her mother.
  3. The embryo is human from conception with its own DNA. Left alone, it will develop into a person.
  4. Abortion is murder – the deliberate taking of a human life.
  5. Doctors and nurses promised to save life, not destroy it. Abortion breaks the Hippocratic Oath
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3
Q

5 arguments pro-choice

A
  1. It’s the mother’s body - she should decide what happens.
  2. Every baby has the right to proper care and love; if this is not possible, abortion should be OK.
  3. Surely the woman, and her family, have rights, not just the unborn baby?
  4. Raped women should not be made to have the baby as they did not choose to get pregnant and would be constantly reminded of their ordeal as the child grows up.
  5. A family may be too poor to cope with a child, and if there are other children already, they may suffer
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4
Q

Jeremiah 1:5- quote against abortion

A

‘Before I formed you in the womb, I knew you, before you were born I set you apart’

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5
Q

Psalm 139:16- quote against abortion

A

‘You saw me before I was born’

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6
Q

Genesis 1:26- quote against abortion

A

‘God made man in His image’

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7
Q

Exodus 20:13- quote against abortion

A

‘Do not kill’

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8
Q

1 Corinthians 3:16- quote against abortion

A

‘You yourselves are God’s temple’

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9
Q

Genesis 2:7-quote for abortion

A

God made Adam, and then ‘breathed into his nostrils the breath of life’- this suggests that we are not human until we take our first breath

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10
Q

Exodus 21:22-25-quote for abortion

A

‘“If some men are fighting and hurt a pregnant woman so that she loses her child, but she is not injured in any other way, the one who hurt her is to be fined whatever amount the woman’s husband demands and the court allows. But if the woman herself is injured, the punishment shall be life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth’- this suggests that harming someone who is born is more serious than harming an unborn baby

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11
Q

Ecclesiastes 6:3-5-quote for abortion

A

‘If a man does not get his share of happiness……then I say a baby born dead is better off. It does that baby no good to be born…….It never sees the light of day or knows what life is like, but at least it has found rest’

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12
Q

Ecclesiastes 4:3-quote for abortion

A

‘But better off are those who have never been born, who have never seen the injustice that goes on in the world’

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13
Q

Quote about the Roman Catholic view on abortion

A

‘Life must be protected with the utmost care from the moment of conception; abortion and infanticide are the most abominable of crimes’- Second Vatican Council

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14
Q

The Church of England’s view on abortion

A

Abortion is an evil to be avoided if possible, but can be justified in 3 circumstances:

  1. Risk to the mother’s life or her mental and physical health
  2. Baby likely to be deformed and mother feels she can not cope
  3. Rape
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15
Q

The Salvation Army’s view on abortion

A

Life is sacred from the moment of conception, but accepts abortion if:

  1. Mother’s life is in danger
  2. Baby can not survive for more than a few days, e.g. severely deformed
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16
Q

The United Reformed Church’s view on abortion

A

It recognises a wide range of views among its members. There is a difference between a foetus almost ready to be born, and one in the early stages of pregnancy. Sometimes abortion is necessary, but should be taken seriously.

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17
Q

The Methodist Church’s view on abortion

A

‘Abortion… may be the lesser of two evils. Some embryos are grievously handicapped. If born alive, their only prospect is of immense suffering and usually early death. Where the pregnancy is the result of rape, the abortion may be necessary for the recovery of the victim… Termination of pregnancy may be the right course because of the social circumstances of the existing family, or the mental or physical health of the mother’

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18
Q

What is SPUC?

A

The Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child is a non-Christian organisation, but is supported by many Christians. SPUC raises funds; produces advertisements and school educational materials; organises protests; campaigns to change the law; writes letters to MPs; tries to discourage women from choosing abortion

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19
Q

3 Christian arguments for IVF and AI

A
  1. It brings happiness to people who otherwise would not be able to have children.
  2. If life comes from God, anything that creates new life must be good.
  3. God told Adam and Eve to “be fruitful and increased in number”. God wants us to have children.
20
Q

3 Christian arguments against IVF and AI

A
  1. God chooses whether people have babies or not; if a couple is childless, it may be God’s will.
  2. God may have chosen these people to devote their lives to other kinds of Christian work.
  3. It goes against “natural law” to create a child in any way other than through sex.
21
Q

Roman Catholic Church’s view on IVF and AI

A

IVF and AI - acceptable, only if:
1. NO “spare embryos” are created.
2. No 3rd parties are used.
3. They do not replace sex within a marriage.
AI - acceptable, only if the husband’s sperm is used.
AID - not acceptable. AI using a donor is wrong! It brings a 3rd party (another man) into the marriage.

22
Q

Methodist Church’s view on IVF and AI

A

Believes it is right for scientists to try to learn more about causes and cures of infertility. Accepts using “spare” embryos in medical research, but only up to 14 days after fertilisation.

23
Q

Church of England’s view on IVF and AI

A

IVF is acceptable in all its forms, including the donation of eggs and sperm by third parties
Experimenting on “spare” human embryos is acceptable up to 14 days after fertilisation, because up to 14 days a foetus can split into 2 and form twins. Therefore, it is not really a human life until 14 days.

24
Q

What do all churches believe about surrogacy?

A
  1. It involves a 3rd party in a much bigger way than donated eggs and sperm.
  2. It strikes at the heart of the family.
  3. It can create massive problems for everyone concerned, including the child.
25
Q

Definition of euthanasia

A

‘A good death’ – from the Greek ‘eu’ meaning good, and ‘thanatos’ meaning death

26
Q

What is Voluntary Euthanasia?

A

‘Assisted suicide’: Someone chooses to end their life but needs help to commit suicide

27
Q

What is Nonvoluntary euthanasia?

A

Other people decide it is best if someone’s life ends, because s/he can not make that decision. E.g. they have been in a coma for a very long time

28
Q

What is Involuntary euthanasia?

A

Taking someone’s life against their wishes. E.g. Hitler euthanised people with mental illness

29
Q

What is Active euthanasia?

A

Action is taken to bring a life to an end, e.g. a lethal dose of drugs is given

30
Q

What is Passive euthanasia?

A

Decision is made to stop giving treatment, even though death will result. This happens often in hospitals. Many do not accept this as euthanasia, because all you’re doing is letting nature take its course

31
Q

4 arguments for voluntary euthanasia

A
  1. Can quickly and humanely end a patient’s suffering, allowing them to die with dignity.
  2. Can help to shorten the grief and suffering of the patient’s loved ones.
  3. Everyone has the right to decide how they should die.
  4. Most people would have their pets put down if they were suffering – this would be regarded as kindness. Why can’t the same kindness be given to humans?
32
Q

4 arguments against voluntary euthanasia

A
  1. A dying patient may not be able to make a rational decision.
  2. A patient may have said they want euthanasia when they were nowhere near death; however, when faced with death they may change their mind but be incapable of telling anyone.
  3. Many people recover after being “written off” by doctors.
  4. Hippocratic Oath: doctors must try to preserve life. If euthanasia was legalised, the relationship of trust between doctors and patients can be destroyed
33
Q

4 Christian arguments for euthanasia

A
  1. God is love. Christianity is love and compassion. Keeping someone in pain and suffering is not loving, it is evil. Euthanasia can be the most loving action, and the best way of putting agape love into practice.
  2. Humans were given dominion over all living things by God (Genesis 1:28), i.e. we can choose for ourselves.
    Jesus came so that people could have life “in all its fullness” John 10:10: this means quality of life. If someone has no quality of life, then euthanasia could be good.
  3. God gave humans free will. We should be allowed to use free will to decide when our lives end.
  4. ‘Do to others as you would have them do to you.’ How would you want to be treated?
34
Q

5 Christian arguments against euthanasia

A
  1. ‘Thou shalt not kill.’- it is wrong to take away God’s sacred gift of human life.
  2. ‘God made man in his own image’ Genesis 1:27 – human life is a sacred gift from God.
  3. ‘God gives and God takes away’ Job 1:21
  4. ‘Don’t you know that you are the temple of God?’ 1 Corinthians 3:16-17
  5. Killing a life opposes God’s love for that person
35
Q

The Roman Catholic Church’s view on euthanasia

A

Totally against euthanasia. Any act which deliberately brings about death is the same as murder.Does accept using pain killing drugs which are meant to relieve pain, but may shorten someone’s life. ‘Ordinary’ treatments, e.g. feeding a patient must always continue, but ‘Extraordinary’ treatments
such as a complicated operation that is unlikely to succeed need not be given

36
Q

The Church of England’s view on euthanasia

A

Sanctity of Life is very important, but doctors should not have to keep people alive for the sake of it, regardless of the quality of life. Making the old and the ill feel wanted and valuable is more important. Church should do all it can to make the elderly feel important members of society

37
Q

The Baptist Church’s view on euthanasia

A

The Baptist Church is generally against euthanasia. All human life is sacred and worth preserving. Euthanasia is similar to abortion, and raises the same issues – whether people have the right to take away human life. Baptists agree that when a person is brain dead and experts agree there is no chance of recovery, then it is acceptable to stop treatment and allow the patient to die naturally. Baptists do not agree with actions that make death come more quickly, e.g. a lethal dose of drugs

38
Q

Christian attitudes towards suicide

A

In the past, the Church taught that suicide was a serious sin; suicides were not allowed a Christian funeral, or buried in holy ground. Survivors were severely punished. They believed it showed a deliberate rejection of God’s gift of life.
Today, the Church has changed. Much more is known about depression, stress, grief and other causes of suicide. Instead of condemning victims, the Church tries to understand, and support the relatives. Most Christians believe it is wrong to commit suicide, but understand why people try it. The right response to suicide is to be loving and forgiving. People should be helped, not condemned

39
Q

5 Christian arguments against suicide

A
  1. God chooses when we are born and when we die, not us.
  2. Pain, loneliness or depression might be for a reason: Christians believe that by suffering they become closer to God, and share in the suffering of Christ. They believe God sometimes allows suffering so we can learn. Suicide is a refusal to learn the things that God is trying to teach.
  3. Suicide is selfish: it causes much pain to those left behind. They may blame themselves. It is harder to get over the death of a suicide, than someone killed in an accident.
  4. ‘You shall not kill’- suicide is murder of yourself.
  5. Don’t you know that you are the temple of God? 1 Corinthians 3:16. Christians have a responsibility to look after and respect their bodies, because God lives in them
40
Q

5 arguments for animal testing

A
  1. Animal testing has helped to develop vaccines against diseases like rabies, polio, measles, mumps, rubella and TB
  2. Scientists claim there are no differences in lab animals and humans that cannot be factored into tests
  3. Human life has greater intrinsic value than animal life
  4. Legislation protects all lab animals from cruelty or mistreatment
  5. Few animals feel any pain as they are killed before they have the chance to suffer
41
Q

5 arguments against animal testing

A
  1. Animal experiments can be misleading. An animal’s response to a drug can be different to a human’s
  2. Successful alternatives include test tube studies on human tissue cultures, statistics and computer models
  3. The stress that animals endure in labs can affect experiments, making the results meaningless
  4. Animals have as much right to life as human beings
  5. Deaths through research are absolutely unnecessary and are morally no different from murder
42
Q

4 Christian arguments for animal testing

A
  1. Humans have a unique status because of their relationship with God
  2. Mankind was ‘made in God’s image’ unlike other animal species
  3. God put mankind in charge of animals to ‘rule over them’
  4. Humans have souls, non-human animals don’t
43
Q

4 Christian against animal testing

A
  1. All animals are made by God and are intrinsically valuable
  2. Many experiments are performed for curiosity’s sake, or cosmetic purposes
  3. Not all Christians agree that animals lack a soul
  4. ‘A man is worth many sparrows, but not one sparrow can die unnoticed in God’s World’ Matthew 10:29-31
44
Q

Quote about the Church of England’s view on animal testing

A

‘The fact that animals may be used in scientific procedures for the benefit of people shows that we believe that human beings have more value than animals. But the fact that we minimise the pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm that animals may have to undergo shows that we regard them as having intrinsic value’

45
Q

Quote about the Baptist Church’s view on animal testing

A

‘Most Baptists would be sympathetic to the use of animals in medical research, but less enthusiastic about their use in cosmetic products’

46
Q

Quote about the Methodist Church’s view on animal testing

A

‘It should be horrifying that millions of animals are killed every year in laboratory experiments, but most of them have been bred for the purpose and the outcome of the experimentation is valuable advance in both human and veterinary medicine’

47
Q

Quote about the Quaker Church’s view on animal testing

A

‘The most controversial area of animal exploitation for Quakers is that of medical experimentation. There are many Quaker doctors and some medical researchers who hold Home Office licences to experiment on live animals The latter would justify their actions by citing the beneficial results which they feel can be achieved for humans and animals through the knowledge gained’

OCR GCSE Ethics (5 decks)

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