Religion Flashcards
What was a notable aspect of the Church’s life during 1515-1529?
Its wealth and unpopularity as an institution in the eyes of some laymen
The wealth of the Church contributed to anti-clericalism among laymen.
What was one reason for anti-clericalism?
The wealth of the Church
Laymen contrasted the lifestyles of the upper clergy with those of Christ and the Apostles.
What is pluralism in the context of the Church?
When priests served more than one parish
What does nepotism refer to?
Promotion or employment of family members and friends to important offices
Define non-residence in relation to priests.
When priests did not live in their parish
What is the role of a Cardinal Protector?
A Cardinal appointed to speak for and defend the rights of the Pope and the Catholic Church in a particular country
What are annates?
A tax paid to the Pope by all senior post holders within the Church in England and Wales
What does praemunire refer to?
A legal term forbidding clerics from taking any action that undermines the powers of the Crown
What happens when the Pope communicates with a monarch?
The Pope stops all diplomatic links with that monarch
What was the enrician reformation?
A political reformation over who controlled the church, leading to the establishment of the Church of England
What event sparked anti-clericalism early in Henry VIII’s reign?
Richard Hunne’s refusal to pay a mortuary fee to the priest who buried his infant son
This incident exemplified lay criticism of ecclesiastical practices.
How did Wolsey influence Henry VIII’s church?
Wolsey was guilty of abuses including absenteeism and pluralism
What was the condition of the Catholic Church in the 1520s?
Most people accepted Catholic beliefs and showed devotion, but there were criticisms known as anti-clericalism
What is absenteeism in the context of the church?
Absenteeism refers to holding church titles without visiting the associated areas or fulfilling duties
What is pluralism in the context of the church?
Pluralism is holding multiple church positions simultaneously
Who was John Wycliffe?
John Wycliffe was the leader of the Lollards who criticized the Catholic Church
What did John Wycliffe emphasize in his teachings?
Wycliffe emphasized that scripture and the Bible’s words were more important than the Pope’s position
What significant event did Martin Luther initiate in 1517?
Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on a church door in Germany
What was the impact of the printing press invented by William Tyndale?
It allowed access to new ideas, particularly among those who could read
What group became popular in England and who led it?
The Lollards became popular, led by John Wycliffe
True or False: Wolsey had children while holding church positions.
True
Fill in the blank: The invention of the _______ allowed access to new ideas among the literate.
printing press
What were the criticisms of the Catholic Church in the 1520s called?
Anti-clericalism
What did Martin Luther’s 95 Theses prompt?
The spread of Protestant ideas across Europe
What was the instinctive loyalty to the church reinforced by?
Churches and the nobility and the JP’s
What was Wolsey’s position in the Catholic Church during his reforms?
Cardinal and Papal Legate
Wolsey served as Cardinal from 1515 and became Papal Legate in 1518.
What did Wolsey instruct English Bishops to do?
Carry out their duties more professionally
This was an attempt to address abuses and anti-clerical attitudes.
What was one of Wolsey’s planned reforms for the training of Cardinals?
Fund a new school in England
This plan was not realized as he was removed from power before it could happen.
How many monasteries were closed down in 1528?
Around 20 monasteries
They were closed due to having less than 6 monks living in them.
What was the basis for the closure of the monasteries?
Having less than 6 monks living in them
Papal permission was gained for these closures.
What did Wolsey plan to do with the money saved from closing monasteries?
Use it for the education of English priests and monks
This was part of his reform initiative.
Who were the Ottoman Turks in relation to Wolsey’s reforms?
The Catholic enemy threatening Europe from the East
Wolsey encouraged Henry to take a more forceful role against them.
What was the Holy League?
A coalition against the Ottomans
Henry participated in the wars of the Holy League starting in 1517.
What book did Wolsey encourage Henry to write?
‘Assertio Septem Sacramentorum’
This book contributed to Henry’s title as ‘Defender of the Faith’.
What title was given to Henry by the Pope?
‘Defender of the Faith’
This title increased the prestige of the Tudors across Europe.
What did reformers believe was necessary for solving the problems of the church?
Improving the quality of leadership
Reformers advocated for strengthening royal power to protect and develop church power.
Who encouraged anti-clericalism against the Catholic Church?
The Lollards and Luther
This movement aimed to criticize the practices and corruption within the Catholic Church.
What is the title of Simon Fish’s work that attacked the Catholic Church?
‘The Supplication of the Beggars’
Published in 1529, it portrayed the Church as rich, greedy, and corrupt.
What book did Henry VIII write that showed support for the Pope?
‘In Defence of the Seven Sacraments’
This work contributed to Henry being titled ‘Defender of the Faith’ by the Pope.
What argument did William Tyndale make in ‘The Obedience of the Christian Man’?
Kings have authority from God
This suggested that royal authority was higher than any other source of power.
How was Tyndale’s book presented to Henry VIII?
By Anne Boleyn
It was presented as a method to achieve Henry’s desired divorce.
What are the two interpretations of Henry VIII’s decision to take control of the church?
- Always intended to take control
- Broke with Rome out of necessity
These interpretations reflect differing views on Henry’s motivations and beliefs.
What did Parliament do in response to anti-clerical feelings since 1529?
Voiced anti-clerical feelings
This was encouraged by Thomas Cromwell, who gathered evidence of abuses within the church.
What action did Henry VIII take regarding the clergy in 1531?
Pardoned the clergy if they recognized him as ‘supreme head’ of the church
This was a significant step in consolidating royal power over the church.
What policy was suspended in 1532 regarding payments to the Pope?
Preventing annates
This policy was only applied after Henry’s approval.
Who did Henry VIII appoint after the death of Archbishop William Warham?
Thomas Cranmer
Cranmer was a reformist who supported a break with Rome.
What strategies did Henry encourage to support his break with Rome?
Henry encouraged criticism of the Pope and the English clergy to increase support for his break with Rome.
This strategy allowed reformers in exile to return and influence the new Church of England.
Who helped to translate the Bible into English?
William Tyndale
Tyndale’s translation was significant for the spread of Protestant ideas.
What role did Thomas Cromwell play in the Church of England?
Thomas Cromwell worked to influence others in Parliament and pushed for reforms.
Cromwell was a key figure in promoting Protestantism within the government.
Name two reformers appointed to vacant bishop posts in the Church of England.
- Hugh Latimer
- Nicholas Shaxton
Their appointments contributed to the reformist control of the Church.
Who was appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532?
Thomas Cranmer
Cranmer played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation in England.
What was the significance of 1536 for Protestantism in England?
It marked the appointment of followers of Martin Luther, showing the growth of Protestant influence.
This year was crucial for establishing England as a Protestant country.
Which preachers spread Protestant beliefs across London?
- John Bale
- Edward Crome
- Robert Barnes
Their efforts were part of a broader movement to promote Protestantism.
What did the government do to promote support for the Break with Rome?
The government actively promoted reformation ideas and emphasized the influence of Protestantism in new supremacy Acts.
They highlighted the Bible as the true word of God.
What distinction did reformers draw regarding authority in the Church?
Potestas Jurisdictionis (right to exercise jurisdiction) vs. Potestas Ordinis (right to exercise spiritual power).
This distinction was crucial in the debate over the King’s and bishops’ roles.
What was the concern expressed by Stephen Gardiner in ‘De Vera Obedientia’?
He stressed the importance of obedience within society.
Gardiner’s work reflected conservative views on authority.
What were the 10 Articles of Faith issued by Cromwell in 1536?
They contained some Lutheran inspired ideas but retained some Catholic character.
For example, it mentioned praying for the dead but did not include purgatory.
What was the purpose of the Bishop’s Book published in 1537?
It offered advice to bishops on new practices and reinforced the need for church changes due to abuses.
The book was part of the reform efforts within the Church.
What significant translation was published in 1537?
The first official translation of the Bible into English.
This marked a pivotal moment for accessibility of religious texts.
What did the royal proclamation in 1538 order?
A copy of the Bible for every parish in the country.
This was part of the effort to promote Protestant beliefs among the populace.
