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Religion Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Durkheim

A

Religions divided world into sacred and profane

Religion makes use totems, Australian aborigines, all beliefs form a collective conscience

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2
Q

Malinowski

A

Trobiand Islands, religion reinforced norms and values
He found: religious aspects appear in fishing, when they are fishing in local rivers that are safe and reliable there is no need for religious rituals —> if they are fishing at sea which is less reliable and dangerous they use rituals to protect them and provide them with comfort/ensure a good catch

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3
Q

Parsons

A

Religion provides moral guidelines, helps maintain social stability, provides comfort in times of stress, prevents social anomie, acts as a conservative force

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4
Q

Bellah

A

Civil religion, used to create solidarity, generates large scale loyalty, may/may not involve religious beliefs, e.g. Americanism

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5
Q

Marx

A

“Religion is the opium of the people” - dulls the pain of oppression
Religion benefits the bourgeoisie in 5 ways:
1) promises compensation for our suffering in the form of an afterlife
2) justifies a hierarchy (divine right)
3) acts as a conservative force
4) produces a false class conscience which prevents true class conscience
5) keeps workers sober and willing to work (BUDD - Clarks Shoe Factory)

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6
Q

Critiques of Marxist

A

Ignores secularisation, divine right is no longer used as justification for positions of power, religion can cause social change

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7
Q

Neo Marxist Approach (Liberation Theology)

A

—>

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8
Q

Maduro

A

Religion can create social change and freedom for the oppressed
Father Torres: South America - 1960s - Christian Revolution
Martin Luther King: USA - 1960s - civil rights movement
Desmond Tutu - South Africa - 1960s - helped abolish apartheid

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9
Q

Gramsci

A

Proletariat need to scrap existing region and replace it with another faith that encourages equality and changes the hegemony

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10
Q

Weberian Approach (Social Action Theory)

A

Protestant work ethic, religion provides a ‘universe of meaning’, helps to understand the motive of behaviour to gain verstehen, Protestantism encouraged social change towards capitalism, many countries could’ve became capitalist but lacked the right religion, Calvinist’s believed that some souplike were the ‘elect’ who were destined for Heaven (doctrine of predestination), behaviour didn’t affect whether you were the ‘elect’ but a clue of this was wealth, people began living frugal/ascetic lifestyles due to salvation anxiety, reinvested profit from their businesses back into business as pleasurable things were seen as evil, amassed great wealth to convince themselves they were the ‘elect’

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11
Q

Critiques of Weber

A

—>

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12
Q

Sombart

A

Calvinism is anti-profit, so shouldn’t have created capitalism BUT Weber says profit was only made by accident

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13
Q

Tawney

A

Ignores other faiths that contributes to Capitalism such as Judaism

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14
Q

Marshall

A

Ignores countries that were heavily Calvinist but capitalism didn’t exist like SCOTLAND

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15
Q

Kautsky

A

FLIP: Calvinism is an ISA to Capitalism

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16
Q

Christian New Right Approach

A

-rise in evangelical Protestantism in USA
-attempt to reunite Christianity with politics
-attempt to increase public support via ‘televangelsim’
Popular in Bible Belt
-Favour traditional values

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17
Q

Bruce

A

CNR defends interests of the bourgeoisie; George Bush supported right wing Christian views such as cutting funds for stem cell research

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18
Q

Roof and McKinney

A

Conservative forms of Protestantism on the rise, combines commitment to religion and refusal to compromise belief

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19
Q

CNR

A

CNR own/control many TV channels, schools and bookshops
Promise keepers: traditional values, only straight men can join
Religion used to prevent anomie and uphold morality

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20
Q

Critiques of the CNR

A

CNR have had limited impact
Haven’t won many elections or passed any laws
Public opinion polls show a decline in support

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21
Q

Feminism and Religion

A

—>

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22
Q

7 ways Judaism is Patriarchal

A

1) women are seen as adams helpmate
2) women confined to balcony in holy buildings
3) no female rabbis
4) Can’t read the Torah
5) men pray and thank god for not being female
6) no rituals for women
7) women can’t wear skull caps

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23
Q

How are feminists resisting patriarchal Judaism?

A

They are creating their own Jewish rituals that celebrate female bodily functions (menstruation) thus changing the hegemony

The rituals are informal (dancing and music)

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24
Q

Feminists

A

Religion is a form of patriarchy
Throughout history, women have been excluded from religious hierarchy —>
Female Vicars only accepted in CofE since 1992

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25
Q

Holm

A

Women are exploited by religion, Buddhism:
Monks are more superior to nuns
Orthodox Judaism: women are excluded from services
Islam: women cannot enter places of worship
Hinduism: only men can become Brahmin priests

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26
Q

Women are oppressed due to sexuality/biology, menstruation is seen as a polluting element

A

—>

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27
Q

Simone De Beauvoir

A

religion acts as compensation for suffering faced in current life, helps maintain inequality, women vital for religion to continue ‘social control’, women socialise children and organise rituals

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28
Q

Saadawi

A

Egyptian feminist, imprisoned for beliefs, forced to undergo female circumcision, Arab women often sexually abused by male family members

Argues religion only became patriarchal when men misinterpreted religion, in Old Testament Eve has the gift of knowledge.

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29
Q

Holm

A

Women are resisting patriarchal religious traditions, Islamic women can keep their family name in marriage, reformed Judaism allows female rabbis, Quakerism doesn’t oppress women

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30
Q

Watson

A

Veiling is usually seen as social control, Muslim women see it as a way of avoiding male oppression, when looking at religion we shouldn’t be ethnocentric

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31
Q

Reasons why women are more religious:

A

—>

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32
Q

Miller and Hoffman

A

Women are socialised to be more passive, obedient and caring, qualities that are valued by religion. Women more likely to work part-time or be full-time carers, meaning they have more time to participate in religion

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33
Q

Greeley

A

Taking care of family members increases religiosity

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34
Q

Davie

A

women are closer to birth and death, so question the meaning of life more

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35
Q

Glock and Stark and Stark and Bainbridge

A

Organismic deprivation—women more likely to be of ill health and seek healing through religion. Ethical deprivation—women are more morally conservative so regard the world as being in moral decline, sharing the views of religion.
Social deprivation—women more likely to be poor, religion attracts poor groups.

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36
Q

New Religious Movements (NRMs)

A

Big rise in NRMs over past 30 years
Suggests that religion isn’t declining, simply changing
Challenges the secularisation thesis

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37
Q

Wallis

A

Three types of NRMs

World affirming—fully accepts society’s norms and values; offers members ‘spiritual improvement’ via meditation; no formal collective worship; more individual control; New Age Movement; promises to improve current life instead of afterlife; Scientology.

38
Q

World accommodating NRM

A

neither fully reject or accept society; branch off from mainstream religions; members live normal lifestyles; often believe they are the ‘chosen elite’; Jehovah’s witnesses.

39
Q

World Rejecting NRM

A

hostile to society’s norms and values; view the world as corrupt; encourage members to withdraw from society; regarded as ‘total institutions’ that are known for brainwashing; Jonestown: 909 mass suicides/murders.

40
Q

World Affirming NRM

A

fully accepts society’s norms and values; offers members ‘spiritual improvement’ via meditation; no formal collective worship; more individual control; New Age Movement; promises to improve current life instead of afterlife; Scientology

41
Q

Beckford (critiques of Wallis)

A

categories are too vague and ignore diversity between NRMs; world rejecting NRMs can’t exist as religions must have contact with the outside world to recruit

42
Q

Types of cults

A

—>

43
Q

Audience Cults

A

least organised, least required commitment, no formal meeting place, little interaction between members, participation via internet, e.g. UFO cult.

44
Q

Client cults

A

consultant-client relationship, cult provides a service, provides meaning and ways to improve current life, e.g. Scientology.

45
Q

Cultic movements

A

very organised, high commitment level required, make predictions and prophecies, strict rules, e.g.Moonies.

46
Q

Kendal Project (Hellas and Woodhead)

A
  • Studied religion and spirituality in the town.
  • Lasted for two years.
  • Due to inadequate evidence, no consensus had been reached on the state of religion in Britain.
  • Town was the right size and a convenient distance away.
  • Counting church attendees, questionnaires.
  • Based on claims that religion is in decline but also in a state of growth.
  • Sacralisation= growth of religion.
  • 7.9% of Kendal were active worshippers.
  • Holistic spirituality is much more private, so harder to quantify.
  • Found holistic practices through noticeboards and word-of-mouth.
  • Tai chi, aromatherapy, yoga.
  • 1.7% of Kendal were active participants in holistic activity.
  • Traditional church going has been in decline, holistic activity has been on a pattern of steady growth.
  • Holistic religion will overtake traditional religion if it continues at its current growth.
  • Statistics gained from Kendal align with statistics gained from the rest of Britain, showing that the bond between Britain and the CofE might be overtaken by holistic movements soon.
47
Q

Barker:

A

Moonies study, people join religion due to relative deprivation.

48
Q

Secularisation

A

—>

49
Q

Wilson

A

Secularisation is the decline in religious practices, institutions and thinking

50
Q

Disenchantment thesis

A

Science has replaced religion

Positivists argue that as society becomes industrial, religion declines and science thrives.

51
Q

Church attendance rates

A

going down, churches are closing and being converted, church membership/baptisms/church marriages/clergy members in decline

52
Q

Ethnicity and religion

A
  • Most ethnic groups come from poorer countries with traditional cultures involving religious beliefs.
  • Ethnic groups use cultural transition as a comfort blanket.
53
Q

Cultural transition (Bruce)

A

when religion is used as a comfort blanket when to retain culture in a new environment

54
Q

Cultural defence

A

when people are willing to defend, fight and die for their religion (9/11)

55
Q

Herberg

A

cultural transition explains high levels of religion among 1st generation USA immigrants.

56
Q

Bruce (Ethnicity)

A

Religion offers support in a hostile environment

57
Q

Bird (Ethnicity)

A

Religion can preserve culture and language.

-E.g: Pryce—studied pentacostalism in black communities acting as cultural transition and defence.

58
Q

Crockett

A

The older a person is, the more likely they are to be religious apart from under 15s due to parental pressure and over 65s due to sickness/disability

two explanations for age difference in religion, the ‘ageing effect’ where people turn to religion as they get older (Kendall Project), the ‘generational effect’ where as society becomes more secular each generation gets less religious.

59
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

—>

60
Q

Stark (Cults)

A

Individuals aspire to certain key goals such as living forever, higher IQ, more money; religions such as Scientology sell these ideas to people (cults for capitalism); this adds to the diversity of religious choice.

61
Q

RCT

A

Evaluation of postmodernist views- assumes religion is personal choice but ignores how religion controls society.

62
Q

Stark and Bainbridge

A

secularisation is not happening, religion will never fully disappear because humans will always have supposed needs (the need to know about ultimate questions).

63
Q

Religion and globalisation

A
  • The world is becoming more interconnected due to communication and transport improvements.
  • Societies and faiths come into closer contact, potential for conflict.
  • Religion can create changes in the economy.
64
Q

India and Globalisation

A
  • Globalisation has made India a wealthy country
  • Emergence of a new m/c who are educated, urban and work in banking/technology.
  • This m/c have abandoned their religion for science.
  • Some of the m/c still believe in the supernatural and pursue religious tourism (visit shrines and temples)
  • It is fashionable to be religious.
65
Q

Nanda

A

the Indian m/c believe in religion due to the contradiction between being wealthy and following Hinduism, they follow a version of Hinduism that justifies wealth to reduce guilt, by paying for visits to religious shrines. India’s successful economy is promoted as a result of their superior values by the media, led to a rise in ultra-nationalism, created a sense of civil religion: worship Hindu gods, learn Hindu science in schools, development of ‘magic’ weapons in Hindu texts, use cow urine to cure disease.

66
Q

Religion and Fundamentalism

A

Fundamentalism = Evangelical

Traditionalists who wish to return to the basics of their faith

  • Holy books are valid
  • Refuse other faiths
  • Our postmodern society allows us great choice, but some feel overwhelmed and turn to fundamentalism to cope.
  • Fundamentalism is easily confused with cosmopolitanism (modern)
  • Modifying beliefs in light of new information (reflective thinking), ie: Jehovah’s witnesses accept blood transfusions if it is their own blood.
  • Fundamentalists use modern methods to spread beliefs
67
Q

Bruce

A

fundamentalism usually found in monotheistic religions as polytheistic faiths have multiple gods so are more susceptible to misinterpretation.

  • In the West, F is often due to social changes, eg: CNR have emerged due to progressive views emerging.
  • F’s role is to restore religion to shape morality/law.
  • In the East, F’s role is to force western values on them which Eastern countries often resist with their own F, eg: Islamic Rev-1979.
68
Q

Religion and the Clash of Civilisation

A

Religion often at the centre of global conflicts such as 9/11 or the 7/7 bombings.

  • These conflicts have increased since the 1980s, start of globalisation.
  • Religion can create both solidarity and conflict.
69
Q

Huntington

A

these differences in religion create hostile relationships, led to increased military/economic competition, predicts the West is under threat and wars will increase, predicts anti-west military alliances.

70
Q

Jackson (Critique of Huntington)

A

Huntington stereotypes Eastern nations as inferior and fanatical

71
Q

Inglehart

A

the real issue is with religion and sexuality, not with politics, East and West support democracy, but Eastern countries don’t support divorce, gay rights, abortion, gender equality.

72
Q

Science as a belief system

A
  • Many see science as evidence of secularisation
  • Faith in god replaced by faith in science
  • Science helps us explain, predict and control the world
73
Q

Popper

A

science is an open belief system, theories are open to criticism, science is ruled by the falsification theory.

74
Q

Science as a belief system

A
  • All science is controlled by those in power.
  • All science is manipulated and exists for a hidden purpose.
  • Feminists argue that science controls women’s bodies
  • ‘The medicalisation of women’
  • Doctors tell you when to have a caesarean or not.
75
Q

The CUDOS norms

A
  • Science can only thrive if it receives support from other institutions.
  • Marxists claim that although science is an ideology, its existence is to benefit capitalism through industry.

Communism-science is not private knowledge, findings are published.

Universalism-the truth of science is judged by objective criteria.

Disinterestedness-being committed to knowledge for its own sake instead of practicing fraud as data can be checked by others.

Organised Scepticism-every idea is open to criticism and questioning.

76
Q

Religion as a Closed Belief System

A
  • Set of beliefs where claims cannot be challenged.
  • When beliefs are questioned, they have a get out of jail card for every question.
  • This reinforces the belief system and prevents it being disproved.
  • E.g: the virgin pregnancy
77
Q

Kuhn (Science as a Closed Belief System)

A

science is based on a set of shared assumptions (a paradigm).

  • Scientific education is a process of being socialised into believing the paradigm.
  • Challenging paradigms brings ridicule.
78
Q

Is sociology a science? (YES)

A

sociology deals with facts, collects, interprets and predicts behaviour; quantitative, objective data can be gathered; sociology also accumulates knowledge; follows strict scientific procedures; causal connections are made to predict behaviour; both try to develop theories that explain the world objectively.

79
Q

Is sociology a science?(NO)

A

people have free will so can’t be predicted; statistics aren’t objective when distorted by powerful institutions; definitions are subjective; sociological theories aren’t precise; observations and measurements of society aren’t possible due to our own stereotypes and interpretations; science is based on agreed paradigms, sociology is based on conflicting theories.

80
Q

Sociology is a ‘multiple paradigm discipline’

A

—>

81
Q

Ideology

A
  • A worldwide or a set of ideas and values
  • In other words a belief system
  • Ideologies can be distorted, false, or mistaken ideas about the world – one sided or bias view.
82
Q

Feminism

A
  • Society only benefits men
  • Every institution is patriarchal
  • Social rules are made by men… to benefit men
  • An ideology can contain ideas that prevent change by misleading people about the reality of their social situation.
83
Q

Marxism

A

Equality will never work as it is against human nature

  • Victim blaming ideas – “the poor are dumb and lazy” theory of meritocracy
  • Racist ideas about ethnic/religious inferiority divides workers, this preve
84
Q

Hegemony and Revolution

A

Gramsci refers to R/C ideology as hegemony

  • W/C can develop ideas and challenge the R/C as they have a dual consciousness
  • = a mixture of R/C ideas and W/C ideas
85
Q

The ideology of Nationalism

A

—>

86
Q

Anderson

A

every nation should be independent; national loyalty and identity more important than class and religion; a nation is an ‘imagined community’ that binds millions together; e.g: Nazi Germany.

87
Q

Marx (Nationalism as a FCC)

A

nationalism is a form of FCC that divides the international w/c; nationalism encourages workers to believe they have more in common with their national r/c than workers of other countries; this false idea persuades the w/c to fight wars for the r/c.

88
Q

Nationalism as a Civil Religion

A
  • Nationalism integrates individuals together.
  • Nationalism is a civil religion that unites everyone.
  • E.g: collective rituals using the American Flag.
89
Q

Gellner (Nationalism and Modernity)

A

nationalism is a relatively new idea (1700s); industrial revolution and globalisation has created nationalism; modern countries and their r/c use nationalism to motivate their population in times of crisis; E.g: COVID.

90
Q

Karl Mannheim (ideology and Utopia)

A
  • Work conducted between WW1-WW2
  • All belief systems are partial or one sided worldviews
  • 2 types of belief system
  • Ideological thought ideology — justifies keeping things as they are, reflects the interests of privileged groups such as the capitalist class
  • Utopian Thought ideology — justifies social change. It reflects the exposition and interests of the under class and offers a vision of how society can be organised differently.
  • Mannheim sees all ideologies as creations of groups of intellectuals which attach themselves to different social groups.
    o Eg. Trade unions – teachers, factory workers
  • Because they only represent that group they only provide a partial sided view of society
    -Opposing views can cause conflict
  • The W/C need to create a free floating intelligentsia
  • Rather then represent one group they can explore all ideologies
  • present a total worldview ideology that represents the interests of the whole of the W/C.

Beliefs In Society (1 decks)

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