Reliability and Validity in diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia Flashcards
What does reliability refer to in the context of diagnosing schizophrenia?
Reliability refers to the consistency of the application of classification and diagnosis systems when diagnosing schizophrenia.
Ideally, each time a classification/diagnosis system is used, it should produce the same results.
What is inter-rater reliability?
Inter-rater Reliability refers to the consistency across different psychiatrists diagnosing the same patient or set of symptoms.
What is test-retest reliability?
Test-Retest reliability refers to the consistency of the patient’s diagnosis across time.
What did Cheniaux et al (2009) find regarding inter-rater reliability in schizophrenia diagnosis?
Cheniaux et al found significant discrepancies in diagnoses: one psychiatrist diagnosed 26 with DSM and 44 with ICD, while another diagnosed 13 with DSM and 24 with ICD.
What are the test-retest reliability rates found by Read (2004) for schizophrenia?
Read (2004) found test-retest reliability rates of 37% in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
This means that there is a lack of test-retest reliability
What does validity refer to in the context of diagnosing schizophrenia?
Validity refers to whether the diagnosis of schizophrenia is accurate and can be identified as a distinct disorder separate from all others.
What is descriptive validity?
Descriptive Validity refers to patients reporting the same/similar symptoms and having different symptoms than those not diagnosed with schizophrenia.
What is predictive validity?
Predictive Validity means that patients should respond similarly to treatments, and clinicians should accurately predict the patient’s prognosis.
What is aetiological validity?
Aetiological validity means the disorder should have the same underlying cause.
What was the main finding of Rosenhan’s research regarding schizophrenia diagnosis?
Rosenhan’s research concluded that clinicians could not distinguish the sane from the insane, as pseudo-patients were misdiagnosed.
What is symptom overlap?
Symptom overlap refers to the fact that symptoms of schizophrenia are not exclusive and appear in other disorders as well.
How do different diagnostic systems affect reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia?
Different diagnostic systems like DSM and ICD have varying criteria for diagnosis, affecting the reliability of diagnoses.
What is comorbidity in the context of schizophrenia?
Comorbidity is when a patient suffers from schizophrenia alongside an additional disorder.
What were the findings of Buckley (2009) regarding comorbidity in schizophrenia?
Buckley (2009) found that 50% of people with schizophrenia also had depression, 47% had substance abuse, 23% had OCD, and 29% had PTSD.
What does culture bias refer to in schizophrenia diagnosis?
Culture bias occurs when there is a mismatch between the cultural background of the patient and the clinician, potentially leading to misinterpretation of behaviors.
What evidence did Keith (1991) provide regarding culture bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?
Keith (1991) found a higher diagnosis rate of schizophrenia among African Americans (2.1%) compared to white Americans (1.4%).
What is gender bias in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?
Gender bias refers to the tendency for males to be more likely diagnosed with schizophrenia than females, potentially due to differences in symptom presentation.
What did Longnecker (2010) find regarding gender differences in schizophrenia diagnosis?
Longnecker (2010) found that males are more likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia than females.
What evidence did Loring & Powell (1988) provide about gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?
Loring & Powell (1988) found that 56% of psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia when cases were presented as males, but only 20% did when presented as females.
Fill in the blank: _______ refers to the consistency of the application of classification and diagnosis systems.
[Reliability]
Fill in the blank: The disorder should have the same underlying cause, referred to as _______.
[Aetiological validity]
True or False: Validity means that schizophrenia can be identified as a distinct disorder.
True
What conclusion did Cheniaux et al come to?
Poor inter-rater reliability which raised issues over diagnosis and that the differences between the diagnostic systems can result in the diagnosis given.
Why can classfication systems be useful?
-Enables sharing of research leading to greater understanding of causes and more effective treatments
-If updated, there is proof that reliability of diagnosis has been improved overtime.
