Relative Risk

Question 1

____ as defined for public health planning is the probability of the occurrence of a disease or
other health outcome of interest during a specified period, usually one year.

Answer 1

Risk

Question 2

Risk is calculated by ________ the number who got the disease during the defined period by the total population of interest during that period.

Answer 2

dividing

Question 3

__________ is the calculated ratio of incidence rates of a health condition or outcome in two
groups of people, those exposed to a factor of interest and those not exposed.

Answer 3

Relative risk

Question 4

It is used to determine if exposure to a specific risk factor is associated with an increase, decrease, or no
change in the disease or outcome rate when compared to those without the exposure.

Answer 4

Relative risk

Question 5

Relative risk is a statistical measure of the strength of the association between a ___________ and an
_______.

Answer 5

risk factor, outcome

Question 6

The fundamental comparison of rates using a ratio in epidemiology is known as the ________.

Answer 6

rate ratio

Question 7

epidemiologists call those comparisons risk
ratios, also referred to as __________.

Answer 7

relative risk (RR)

Question 8

The definition of relative risk is a ___________________ that provided the strength of association between exposure and outcome in a population. This definition has several key parts that need to be highlighted.

Answer 8

measure of association

Question 9

Relative risk is a measure of association, which means that it has the ability to tell if two comparable groups are ________ to each other

Answer 9

related

Question 10

The second key part of the definition of relative risk
is that it provides the ______________, which means that it results in a number that tells how related the comparable groups are.

Answer 10

strength of association

Question 11

a resulting relative risk of 2 indicates that the rate
_____ the fraction line is twice as large as the rate _____ the fraction line.

Answer 11

above, below

Question 12

A relative risk of _ is said to be stronger than a relative risk of _.

Answer 12

3, 2

Question 13

The third key part of the definition of relative risk is
that it is between the ________ and _______ in a population

Answer 13

exposure, outcome

Question 14

relative risk is used to compare the rates of a disease in
the group of people _______ to the risk factor of interest and in the group of people _________
to the risk factor of interest. Relative risk is a very flexible tool.

Answer 14

exposed, not exposed

Question 15

RR formula

Answer 15

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
/ 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢p

Question 16

Null value. Same rate of outcome in both groups being compared. No relationship exists between the groups being compared in the ratio.

Answer 16

Relative Risk = 1

Question 17

Positive association. Rate above the fraction line is greater than the rate below the fraction line. Subjects in the exposed group are more likely to have the outcome of interest.

Answer 17

Relative Risk > 1

Question 18

Negative association. Rate above the fraction line is less than the rate below the fraction line. Subjects in the exposed group are less likely to have the outcome of interest.

Answer 18

Relative Risk < 1

Question 19

A _______________ is represented by a relative risk that is less than 1. In this case, the higher rate of outcome is below the fraction line.

Answer 19

negative association

Question 20

The ___________ used to collect the data should
be reflected in the sentence used to interpret the measure of association.

Answer 20

study design

Question 21

In the case of relative risk, the data collected must be _____________, and incidence data only comes from the _________.

Answer 21

incidence data, cohort studies

Question 22

a ____________ compares those with exposure to those without exposure, so the sentence interpreting a relative risk will look like the cohort study design.

Answer 22

cohort study

Question 23

A _____________, also called ____________, compares the risk of a health event (disease, injury, risk factor, or death) among one group with the risk among another group. It does so by dividing the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 1 by the risk (incidence proportion, attack rate) in group 2.

Answer 23

risk ratio (RR), relative risk

Question 24

A risk ratio of ___ indicates identical risk among the two groups. A risk ratio _____________ indicates an _____________ for the group in the numerator, usually the exposed group. A risk ratio ____________ indicates a ______________ for the exposed group, indicating that perhaps exposure actually protects against disease occurrence.

Answer 24

1.0, greater than 1.0, increased risk, risk ratio less than 1.0, decreased risk