Relationships: Sexual selection and Evolutionary behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual selection

A

Evolutionary process in which physical and psychological qualities (that resulted in greater reproductive success) become more common across species

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2
Q

Anisogamy

A

Difference between male and female gametes

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3
Q

Anisogamy: males

A

Sperm: Small, mobile, continuously produced

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4
Q

Anisogamy: female

A

Ova(egg): Large, static, produced in intervals for limited number of years

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5
Q

Consequences of anisogamy

A

Plenty fertile males, fewer fertile females

Gives rise to different mating strategies

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6
Q

Inter-sexual selection

A

Selection of mates between sexes.

Each sex has innate preferences for a mate with certain characteristics

The preference determines area in which other sex must compete

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7
Q

Which gender prefers inter-sexual selection?

A

Females bc quality over quantity

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8
Q

Female strategy

A

Females make a greater investment of time and commitment before, during, and after birth of offspring

Seeks male that will provide healthy offspring, support them w resources

Female makes biological investment in the child, thus looks for good resources

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9
Q

Female strategy: what do females seek?

A

A male that will:
Provide healthy offspring
Support them with resources
Physical strength in male

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10
Q

Inter-sexual selection: factors impact on human reproductive behaviour

A

Preferences of both sexes determine attributes that are likely to be passed on (e.g. females preferring taller men (height))

Overtime, leads to characteristic becoming more evident in males - the runaway process

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11
Q

Runaway process

A

Likelihood of a characteristic becoming more evident overtime in a gender, as it is preferred by the opposite gender.

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12
Q

The runaway process happens…

A

Overtime

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13
Q

Intra-sexual selection

A

Competition among members of same sex, for members of opposite sex

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14
Q

Which gender prefers intra-sexual selection?

A

Males bc quantity over quality

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15
Q

Male strategy

A

Competition is necessary because females are a limited resource and a choosy

Victors can pass the genes to the next generation and therefore those traits which lead to their success are maintained

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16
Q

Intra-sexual selection: factors impact on human reproductive behaviour

A

Intra-sexual selection pressures -> certain patterns of human behaviour:
Male aggression
Male preference for youthful and fertile women
Male desire

17
Q

Male aggression

A

Male act aggressively = more likely to succeed in mating bc more likely to win competition against another male

18
Q

Male preference for youthful and fertile women

A

These characteristics are a better guarantee of reproductive success
Therefore genes of those males with these preferences = more likely to be passed on to their offspring = successful mating strategy

19
Q

Male desire

A

Fuckboy: Male desire to optimise mating chances by fertilising as many female as possible

20
Q

Male desire: evolutionary theories

A

Fuck and chuck. Say that men decrease sexual attraction following sex to prevent spending too much time with any one woman

21
Q

A03: support for relationship between intra-ss and human reproductive behaviour

A

Buss (1989)

Conducted survey on partner preference using over 10,000 adults in 33 countries

22
Q

A03: Buss 1989: procedure

A

Conducted survey on partner preference using over 10,000 adults in 33 countries

23
Q

A03: Buss 1989: findings

A

Females value resource-related characteristics (ambition, financial prospects) more than males

Males value reproductive capacity ( physical attractiveness, younger women bc fertility) more than women

24
Q

Resource-related characteristics

A

Ambition

Financial prospects

25
Q

Reproductive capacity

A

Younger women bc more fertile

Physical attractiveness

26
Q

A03: Buss (1989) culture advantage

A

33 countries suggests universality
Supports:
sex differences due to anisogamy
partner preference derived from sexual selection theory

27
Q

A03: Buss (1989) culture disadvantage

A

Wasn’t truly cross cultural study
Hard to include rural population
Not a proper sample within a country, as results reflect people from cities, not rural areas

28
Q

A03: Against Buss: alternative reason as to why men prefer younger women

A

Preference due to social power; younger = easier to control

29
Q

A03: against alternative as to why men prefer younger women

A

Kenrick et al
Found teenage males prefer women 5 years older than them
These women not easily controlled
Support evolutionary explanation

30
Q

A03: Buss supports

A

Intra-sexual selection and human reproductive behaviour

31
Q

A03: Support for inter-ss and human reproductive behaviour

Support for claim males seek ST mating opportunities

A

Clark and Hatfield (1989)

College campus study - see whether females and males willing to have sex with attractive stranger

32
Q

A03: Clark and Hatfield findings

A

0% females agreed - suggests female choosiness exists

75% males agreed - males evolved different strategy for reproductive success

33
Q

A03: Singh et al. SO what?

A

Evolutionary factors reflected through
patterns of human reproductive behaviour through
partner preference

34
Q

A03: support Singh et al waist:hip ratio

A

Measured males preference for females waist hip ratio
Hip size attractive if ratio of one to the other is 0.7
Signifies fertility and not currently pregnant

35
Q

A03: against. Chang et al. Findings

A

Report some preferences have changed, some remained same over 25 years in China

36
Q

A03: against. Chang et al. SO what?

A

Suggest both evolutionary and cultural influences must be taken into account when explaining human reproductive behaviour

37
Q

A03 1/2 support for inter-sexual

A

Penton-voak
Fertile: masculine faces (virility, good genes) ST mating desirable for offspring
Less fertile: feminine faces (kind, cooperative) LT partner