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A2 AQA Psychology > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Evolutionary explanation of partner preference.

Attributes or behaviours that increase reproductive success are passed on.

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2
Q

Human Reproductive Behaviour

A

Any behaviours which relate to opportunities to reproduce and increase the survival chances of our genes.

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3
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Revealing personal information about yourself to a partner, which can strengthen a romantic bond when used appropriately.

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4
Q

Physical Attractiveness

A

How appealing we find a person’s face - there’s an assumption that we seek to form relationships with the most attractive person available.

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5
Q

Anisogamy

A

The differences between male and female sex cells.

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6
Q

Male Gametes

A

Sperm - extremely small, highly mobile, created continuously in vast numbers from puberty to old age, don’t require much energy to produce.

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7
Q

Female Gametes

A

Eggs/ ova - relatively large, static, produced at intervals for a limited number of fertile years, require huge investment of energy.

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8
Q

Inter-sexual selection

A

Refers to mate choices of males or females (quality over quantity).

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9
Q

Sexy Sons Hypothesis: Fisher, 1930

A

A female mates with a male who has a desirable characteristic, this ‘sexy’ trait is inherited by her son.

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10
Q

Intra-sexual selection

A

Refers to the competition between males to be able to mate with a female (quantity over quality).

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11
Q

Social Penetration Theory: Altman and Taylor, 1973

A

The gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone else.
Involves reciprocal exchange of information between intimate partners.

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12
Q

Reciprocity: Reis and Shaver, 1988

A

A balance of self-disclosure between both partners results in a more successful romantic relationship.

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13
Q

Matching Hypothesis: Waltster et al, 1966

A

The belief that we do not select the most attractive person as a prospective partner, but we are attracted to people who approximately ‘match’ us in physical attractiveness.

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14
Q

Filter Theory

A

A series of different factors progressively limits the range of available romantic partners to a much smaller pool of possibilities.

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15
Q

Social Demography

A

First level of filter theory.
Geographical location and social class.
Many relationships are formed between partners who share social demographic characteristics.

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16
Q

Similarity in attitudes

A

Second level of filter theory.

We find partners who share our basic beliefs and values in the earlier stages of a relationship.

17
Q

Complementarity

A

Third level of filter theory.
Similarity becomes less important as a relationship develops.
It is replaced by a need for your partner to balance your traits with opposite ones of their own.

18
Q

Social Exchange Theory (SET) - Thibault and Kelley

A

How relationships form and develop.

It assumes that romantic partners act out of self-interest in exchanging rewards and costs.

19
Q

Rewards, costs and profits - SET

A

A satisfying and committed relationships when rewards exceed costs and potential alternatives are less attractive than the current relationship.
Rewards = companionship, sex, emotional support.

20
Q

Comparison Level - SET (CL)

A

The amount of reward you believe you deserve to get.

Develops out of our experiences from previous relationships.

21
Q

Comparison Level for Alternatives - SET (CLalt)

A

Duck (1994) - the CLalt we adopt depends on the state of the current relationship.
Being in a satisfying relationship may mean you might not notice other alternatives exist.

22
Q

Stages of relationship development

A

Sampling stage, bargaining stage, commitment stage, institutionalisation stage.

23
Q

Equity Theory: Walster et al, 1978

A

An economic theory of how relationships develop.

Acknowledges impact of rewards and costs on relationship satisfaction, criticises SET for ignoring equity.

24
Q

Equity

A

Fairness.

25
Q

Commitment

A

A romantic partner’s intention or desire to continue a relationship, reflecting a belief that the relationship has a viable long-term future.

26
Q

Satisfaction

A

The extent to which romantic partners feel the rewards of the relationship exceed the costs.

27
Q

Comparison with alternatives

A

A judgement that partners make concerning whether a relationship with a different partner would bring more rewards and fewer costs.

28
Q

Investment

A

The resources associated with a romantic relationship which the partners would lose if the relationships were to end.

29
Q

Rusbult’s Investment Model

A

Satisfaction with comparison alternatives, investment size, satisfaction versus commitment, relationship maintenance mechanisms.

30
Q

Absence of Gating

A

Face-to-face relationships fail to form sometimes due to obstacles such as facial disfigurements that some people might find off-putting.
These barriers are absent in computer-mediated communication.

31
Q

Parasocial Relationships

A

Those which are similar to ‘normal’ relationships but lack a key element.
They are one-sided, unreciprocated relationships, (usually with a celebrity).

32
Q

Levels of Parasocial Relationship: McCutcheon et al, 2002

A

A three-step description of one sided relationships: entertainment-social, intense-personal, borderline pathological.

33
Q

Entertainment-social

A

Least intense level of celebrity worship.

Celebrities are viewed as sources of entertainment and fuel for social reaction.

34
Q

Intense-personal

A

Intermediate level of celebrity worship.

Reflects a greater personal involvement in a parasocial relationship

35
Q

Borderline pathological

A

Strongest level of celebrity worship.
Features uncontrollable fantasies and some extreme behaviours, such as spending a large sum of money on a celebrity-related object.

36
Q

Absorption-addiction model: McCutcheon, 2002

A

Explains parasocial relationships as total pre-occupation in a celebrity’s life, plus an addictive striving after a stronger involvement.

37
Q

Absorption

A

Seeking fulfilment in celebrity worship motivates the individual to focus their attention as far as possible on the celebrity, to become pre-occupied in their existence and identify with them.

38
Q

Addiction

A

Individual needs to sustain their commitment to the relationship by feeling a stronger and closer involvement with the celebrity. This may lead to more extreme behaviours and delusional thinking.

39
Q

Attachment Theory

A

An explanation of how an enduring emotional bond forms between two people that persists over time. Leads to certain behaviours such as clinginess and proximity-seeking.

A2 AQA Psychology (9 decks)

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