Relationships 2

Question 1

Epstein (culture - V vs NV)

Answer 1

Found 50% of spouses in arranged marriages reported to have fallen in love

Question 2

Myers (culture - V vs NV)

Answer 2

marital satisfaction is the same in both voluntary and non voluntary cultures (USA Vs India)

Question 3

Whyte (culture - V vs NV)

Answer 3

Chinese women reported being more happy in a marriage based on love. China is becoming more westernised, so love is becoming more important. However is there social desirability?

Question 4

Levine (culture - I vs G)

Answer 4

Asked Ps ‘would you marry for someone’s qualities rather than love?’, he found 14% USA - yes, 24% India - yes, 34% Thailand - yes. Suggests love is more of a luxury is collectivist cultures. However Ps were only uni students - not a diverse mix.

Question 5

Erikson (culture - love)

Answer 5

proposed love is a right of passage for adolescents and a lack of this could result in social isolation. This, however, is a very western assumption, much imposed etic

Question 6

Ho (culture - love)

Answer 6

Found responsibility to family is more important than love in China (Non voluntary culture)

Question 7

Seepersad (Culture - loneliness)

Answer 7

227 single USA and Korean students. Found the USA students felt much more lonely when single as relationships are very prominent in that society so the effects of not having a partner are amplified.

Question 8

IDA - Cultural bias in media (culture)

Answer 8

rom coms give a distorted view of romance leading to dis satisfaction with normal relationships which may influence the views western cultures have on relationships, expectations too high.

Question 9

Pinker (culture)

Answer 9

Proposed love is an evolutionary mechanism/adaptation to ensure reproductive success and reduce stress, improve health

Question 10

Fischer (culture)

Answer 10

found love is present in 90% of 166 cultures, supporting that it is an innate response. Large sample size adds support.

Question 11

IDA - methological problems (culture)

Answer 11

can you really measure a feeling like love? The interpretation may vary from culture to culture.

Question 12

Haynie (influence C on A - peers)

Answer 12

Found early adolescent relationships lead to lower grades making it a problem behaviour

Question 13

Neeman (influence C on A - peers)

Answer 13

suggests timing of relationship is important, found later adolescent relationships are not associated with academic problems.

Question 14

IDA - Deterministic (influence C on A - peers)

Answer 14

Can childhood predict adult life?

Question 15

IDA - Animal studies (influence C on A - peers)

Answer 15

when deprived from peers as infants, Harlow’s monkeys later displayed inappropriate social/sexual behaviour (however these results are anthropomorphic)

Question 16

Kirkpatrick (influence C on A - parent-child)

Answer 16

Proposed that attachment type is determined by current relationship as he found relationship break ups associated with a shift from secure to insecure attachment.

Question 17

Fraley (influence C on A - parent-child)

Answer 17

Carried out a meta analysis looking at attachment and adult relationship. Found a low correlation which suggests significant relationships may alter attachment types (meta analysis - big sample)

Question 18

IDA - Deterministic (influence C on A - parent-child)

Answer 18

suggests attachment type inevitably leads to types of adult relationships, suggests our romance life is set in stone from childhood

Question 19

Anderson (influence C on A - parent-child)

Answer 19

women who were abused displayed negative reactions towards people who resembled their abuser. This didn’t happen with regular people, this suggests inappropriate behaviour patterns learned in childhood dictates adult behaviour.

Question 20

Geher (Sex differences in parental investment)

Answer 20

male and female participants scored the same on a parental attitudes questionnaire but men showed higher levels of ANS in brain scans at the thought of parenting. This suggests society drives mean to invest but biology is driving them to be stressed. Supports innate differences (undergraduate sample - not ready for children yet anyway?)

Question 21

IDA - Single parents (Sex differences in parental investment)

Answer 21

85% of 1.9 single parents are women, supports their likelihood to invest (bias legal system? or are they just aware of women’s higher instinct to care for child?)

Question 22

Daly and Wilson (Sex differences in parental investment)

Answer 22

infanticide more likely to happen by a step parent, almost always the step father, evolutionary theory would predict this due to biological reaction to cuckoldry.

Question 23

Anderson (Sex differences in parental investment)

Answer 23

found step fathers are just as likely to invest in step children, suggests Daly and Wilson’s research is era dependent. Many more families with step parents now

Question 24

Dunbar (Sex differences in parental investment)

Answer 24

suggests joint parental care is desirable because of the benefits of successful reproduction, males do invest in childrearing through work and support.

Question 25

Baker (Sex differences in parental investment)

Answer 25

estimates that 14% of the population are extra-marital mating products. Supports rick of cuckoldry and mixed mating strategies.

Question 26

IDA - Animals (Sex differences in parental investment)

Answer 26

In bonobos, males show little to no parental investment, thus parenting investment in humans is likely to be social learning (anthropomorphic, we may have adapted differently)

Question 27

IDA - Reductionist (Sex differences in parental investment)

Answer 27

male parental investment depends on many factors such as childhood, personality, relationship with own father

Question 28

Clarke and Hatfield (sexual selection and reproduction)

Answer 28

men and women participants approached opposite sex in a college campus and asked if they would have sex with them. 75% of males agreed whilst 0% of women agreed. Supports that men have evolved psychological mechanisms to ensure short term mating success.

Question 29

Buss (sexual selection and reproduction)

Answer 29

participants from over 37 countries were asked what they looked for in a partner. Men looked for beauty (signs of fertility) whilst women tended to look for resources. He also found that women tended to display their beauty whilst men tended to display their resources. Both sexes wanted intelligence which links to parenting.

Question 30

Penton-Voak (sexual selection and reproduction)

Answer 30

found that in the long term a more feminised male face was attractive to women, however at most fertile stage in menstrual cycle (short term), a more masculine face was attractive. This could potentially lead to a mixed mating strategy in order to get kindness of a father but good genes. Higher levels in testosterone are linked to more facial hair, suppresses immune system, healthy despite this shows stronger, healthier genes.

Question 31

Miller (sexual selection and reproduction)

Answer 31

Lap dancers earned more tips at their most fertile stage of menstrual cycles. Due to chemical and visual symbols. Suggests we have evolved to recognise these symbols leading to higher reproductive success. (Natural experiment, validity)

Question 32

IDA - Gender bias (sexual selection and reproduction)

Answer 32

only explains male short term mating relationship gain (pass on their genes), what about women?

Question 33

Kendrick (sexual selection and reproduction)

Answer 33

Found teenage boys more attracted to women in their 20s due to fertility, boys would not have control here, contradicting view that boys want control.

Question 34

IDA - Evolutionary or Social (sexual selection and reproduction)

Answer 34

Attraction to younger women could be explained in terms or fertility or social reasons such as for gaining control.