relationships Flashcards
sexual selection
survival of the sexiest. attributes or behaviours that increase reproductive success are passed on and may become exaggerated or more common over time
amisogamy
differences between make and female sex cells
characteristics of female gametes
large, limited years of fertility, static
male gametes
long supply, small, mobile
intersexual selection
what one sex looks for in the other
intrasexual selections
within each sex: how members of the same sex compete to mate with the opposite sex
trivers
females hold greater importance in time, commitment and resources than makes because making the wrong choice in partner is more serious due to their fertility window
fisher - sexy son hypothesis
women select men with traits they hope to pass to their children
dimorphism
women and men look different as they look for different things
clark & hatfield
women agreed to the date because they can get to know the men
men agreed because quantity > quality
self disclosure
revealing information about yourself to someone
when we learn more about someone, we become more attracted to them
altman & taylor - social penetration theory
the gradual process of revealing your inner self to someone, starting at a basic level and getting more intimate as time goes on
reis & shaver - reciprocity
for a relationships to develop, self disclosure needs to be reciprocated and partners should respond in a rewarding empathetic way
the halo effect
dion et al
attractive people are consistently rated as kind, strong, sociable, and successful compared to unattractive people
the matching hypothesis
walster and walster
people choose partners who are roughly of similar physical attractiveness to each other
3 Filters : Kerckhoff and Davis
social demography
similarity in attitudes
complimentary
social demography (filters)
factors that influence the chances of potential partners meeting each other in the first place
similarity in attitudes (filters)
partners agree over basic values
complimentary (filters)
partners have traits the other lacks i.e dominance/submissive
festinger et al (filters)
found people who lived near the stairways in a u shaped housing block had most passive contact with other residents, and had developed the greatest friendships with those nearby
clark (filters)
50% of people living in columbus ohio married someone within walking distance of
social exchange theory
thibailt and kelly
a satisfying relationship is maintained when rewards exceed costs for both parties
minimax principle (SET)
we try to minimise costs and maximise rewards
what are the two ways of measuring profit (SET)
Comparison Level
Comparison Level for Alternatives
what is Comparison Level (SET)
the amount of reward you believe you deserve based on previous relationships + norms
Comparison Level for Alternative (SET)
comparing the rewards and costs to other possible relationships and being alone
stages of relationship development (SET)
sampling stage
bargaining stage
commitment stage
institutionalisation stage
sampling stage (SET)
first stage
we explore the rewards and costs of social exchange by experimenting with them in our own relationship, or by observing others doing so
bargaining stage (SET)
second stage
beginning of the relationship
partners start negotiating what is more profitable
commitment stage (SET)
third stage
the sources of costs and rewards become more predictable and the relationship becomes more stable
institutionalisation stage (SET)
fourth stage
partners are settled down
rewards and costs are firmly established
walster et al (equity)
we strive to reach fairness in our relationships
what are the principles of equity
profit
distribution
dissatisfaction
realignment
profit (principles of equity)
rewards are maximised and costs minimised
distribution (principles of equity)
trade offs and compensations are negotiated to achieve fairness in a relationship
dissatisfaction (principles of equity)
the greater the degree of perceived unfairness, the greater the sense of dissatisfaction
realignment (principles of equity)
if restoring equity is possible, maintenance will continue
rusbults investment model
satisfaction + comparison with alt + investments -> commitment level -> relationship mechanisms
rusbults investment model
satisfaction + comparison with alt + investments -> commitment level -> relationship mechanisms
intrinsic investments (RIM)
what we directly put into a relationship (effort time)
extrinsic investments (RIM)
did not feature in one’s life but are now strongly associated in it (house kids)
relationship mechanisms (RIM)
enduring partners : accomodation, willingness to sacrifice, forgiveness
committed partners : positive illusions, ridiculing alternatives
4 stages of duck’s phase model
intra-psychic
dyadic
social
grave dressing
intra-psychic (Duck)
personal brooding
nothing is said to the partner but you may express dissatisfaction in other ways
dyadic phase (duck)
confront partner, discuss feelings and the future
social phase (duck)
issues made public to family and friends
they may take sides, offer support or help mend any disputes
grave dressing phase (duck)
relationship is over. partner attempts to justify their actions
may reinterpret their view of partners
reduced cues theory
sproull and kiesler
cues such as physical appearance or emotional state are lacking in cmc -> this can lead to a person losing identity and acting in a way they wouldn’t normally
hyper personal model
walther
cmc relationships are more personal and have greater self disclosure than FtF -> cmc relationships can develop very quickly as self disclosure happens earlier so they become more intense and intimate
2 key features of hyper personal model
1) the sender of a message has greater control over what to disclose and the cues they send. they manipulate their self image to present themselves in an idealised way
2) receiver gains a positive impression of the sender, they may give feedback that reinforces the senders selective self presentation
John Bargh et al (virtual relationship)
when you’re aware that others don’t know you, you feel less accountable for your behaviour
gating
refers to an obstacle to forming a relationship
levels of parasocial relationships
maltby et al
entertainment-social
intense-personal
borderline-pathological
mccutcheon et al
celebrity attitude scale
the absorption addiction model
absorption addiction model
absorption: they have deficits in their own sense of personal identity- an attempt to establish personal identity
addiction: people need to increase their dose to be more satisfied which can lead to delusions/ extreme behaviours
attachment theory (parasocial relationships)
type a- most likely
type c- less likely
type b- unlikely
