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Paper 3 psychology > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Everyone tries to find a suitable partner for offspring. Men and women look for specific characteristics. Sexual selection

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2
Q

Intra sexual selection

A

Males compete for access to the other sex

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3
Q

Inter- sexual selection (female choose men)

A

One sex chooses from a group of prospective mates according to attractiveness

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4
Q

Male strategies

A

Courtship rituals, size, sperm competition, mate guarding, sneak copulation

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5
Q

Female strategies

A

Handicap hypothesis, sexy sons hypothesis, courtship

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6
Q

Courtship rituals

A

Males showing off their genetics and physiques

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7
Q

CADS (variation in male strategies)

A

Low investment males seeking to maximise mating opportunities

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8
Q

DADS (variation in male strategies)

A

High investment males comitted to one partner

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9
Q

What physical attractiveness do men look for

A

younger women signal fertility and health

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10
Q

what physical attractiveness do women look for

A

older men and bigger resources who can provide for the family

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11
Q

Buss

A

Found that men preferred younger physically attractive females in 37 different cultures, while females prefer ambitious and older men with more resources

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12
Q

What does Symmetry mean for men and women

A

More symmetry signals higher fertility for women and more attractiveness for men

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13
Q

evaluations of sexual selection

A

It doesn’t explain homosexual, bisexual or asexual relation ships or long- distance.

Hasn’t updated with society as women are less dependent on men now

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14
Q

Self - disclosure as factor for attraction

A

Revealing of personal info about oneself. creates sense of trust

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15
Q

4 stages of self disclosure

A
  1. Disclosure of info
  2. Partner thinks we like them if reavealing personal info
  3. Partner reveals their own personal info
  4. We disclose further info
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16
Q

Altman and Taylor

A

Belived relationships are strengthened by appropriate level of self disclosure

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17
Q

Physical attractiveness

A

More important to men as women like emotional security. Men look for fertility and youth in women.

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18
Q

Halo effect

A

People who are more attractive benefit from favourable perceptions from society

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19
Q

The matching hypothesis Walster et al as a factor affecting attraction

A

Theory that people seek partners of similar physical attractivness to themselves because they believe their is less chance of rejection than if they go for someone who is deemed more attractive than them.

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20
Q

Filter theory as a factor affecting attraction

A

We dont have full access to all partners as society filters them down

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21
Q

Similarity of social demographic variables

A

Individuals with similar social demographics to us, such as where we live or work.

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22
Q

Similarity in attitudes

A

More likely to meet people with similar attitudes and beliefs. e.g. protest march

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23
Q

Complementarity

A

How much the individual meets their partner needs especially emotionally ones

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24
Q

Taylor et al (Filter theory)

A

Taylor et al found 85% of Americans who got married in 2008 where married to someone of their own ethnicities, evidencing social demographics importance

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25
Q

Social exchange theory

A

Long term rships involve partners giving and receiving items of value if this stops happening rship will fail. Based on benefits and costs we receive from our partner

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26
Q

Costs vs benefits

A

If costs start to outweigh the benefits rship is likely to fall and break down.

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27
Q

Social exchange theory fo cus on profit

A

The bigger the gap between costs and benefits the more profitable a relationship

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28
Q

Assessment of benefits

A
  1. The comparison level
  2. The comparison level for alternative relationships
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29
Q

Thibaut and kelleys Social exchange theory
4 stages

A
  1. Sampling - rewards and costs assessed
  2. Bargaining - Rships benefits and costs identified
  3. Commitment - Rewards/costs become predictable
  4. Institutionalisation - Interactions r predictable couple settles down
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30
Q

Equity theory

A

Modified SET. Based around idea of fairness in relationships. If suffering from inequity rships become dissatisfied

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31
Q

Walsters 4 equity principles

A
  1. Profits - rewards maximised costs minimised
  2. Distribution - Trade- offs and comensations negotiated
  3. Dissatisfaction - Greater degree of unfairness greater dissatisfaction
  4. Realignment - If restoring equity possible attempts will be made
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32
Q

Yum et al

A

Researched cultural differences in 6 dufferent cultures found equitable couples did most maintenance strategies suggesting a lot of effort needed to keep rship equitable

33
Q

Rusbults investment model of commitment

A

Builds upon previous theories builds importance of investment

34
Q

Rusbults three factors of commitment

A
  1. Satisfaction level - degree of needs met
  2. Comparison with alternatives - does rship stand up to alternatives
  3. Investment size - How much resources rship has
35
Q

Variables influencing commitment

A
  1. Equity - degree of fairness
  2. Social support - degree of what ppl think of rship
36
Q

Intrinsic investments

A

Things we put into a rship, eg time effort money

37
Q

Extrinsic investments

A

Things that come out of rship, eg children, shared memories

38
Q

Rusbults 5 maintenance mechanisms

A
  1. Accomodation
  2. Willingness to sacrifice
  3. Forgiveness
  4. Positive illusions
  5. Ridiculing alternatives
39
Q

Rship breakdown Duck 3 reasons

A
  1. Pre - existing Doom
  2. Mechanical failure
  3. Sudden death
40
Q

Pre - e xisting Doom

A

Rship doomed from the start

41
Q

Mechanical failure

A

Partners who were compatible slowly grow apart

42
Q

Sudden death

A

Rship suddenly ends due to arguement or cheating

43
Q

Relationship breakdown phases

A
  1. Intrapsychic
  2. Dyadic
  3. Social
  4. Grave dressing
44
Q

Intrapsychic

A

One partner privately dissatisfied with rship

45
Q

Dyadic

A

Dissatisfaication discussed with partner if nothing changes next stage

46
Q

Social

A

Breakdown made public to friends and families. Negotiations occur

47
Q

Grave dressing

A

post relationship perception is created. Ex partners rebuild life towards new rship

48
Q

Self- discloure in virtual rships

A

Fear that the secret or intimate detail will pass onto social circles close to individual less likely to happen in virtual

49
Q

Deindividuation in virtual rships

A

Loss of self awareness in groups. Behaviour changes behind a screen

50
Q

Effects of absence of gating on virtual rships

A

Gating - things that block people off further on their date meaning these wont be spotted leading to absense of gating on virtual rships

51
Q

Reduced cues theory

A

Sproull and Kiesler 1986 suggested online rships are less open and honest than face to face
As irl we rely on subtle cues, such as facial expressions which are absent in virtual communications.

52
Q

Walther’s Hyperpersonal Model

A

Walther 1996 proposed that self disclose happens earlier than face to face rships
Meaning they become more intense quickly and more intimate and meaningful

53
Q

Turner parasocial relationships

A

Found that parasocial rships tend to form with people who have similar attitudes with the individual.

Suggesting many parasocial rships act like normal friendships just one-sided

54
Q

Levels of parasocial rships

A

Giles and maltby 2006
Celebrity attitude scale

55
Q

Entertainment- social subscale

A

measures items like the discussion of media personalities with freinds

56
Q

INTENSE personal subscale

A

Measures strengths of feelings and levels of obsessions about media personalities

57
Q

Borderline pathological subscale

A

Measures levels of uncontrollable feelings and behaviour about media personalities

58
Q

Absorption addiction model

A

Absorption - dissatisfied with thier lives so follow celebrites
Addiction - These are extreme cases where parasocial rships become addictive

59
Q

Attachment theory explanation

A

Suggested individuals attachment type has distinct effect on parasocial rships . Those with insecure resistant attachment type are likely to enter parasocial rship

60
Q

Sperm for men

A
  • Men can produce 100mil sperm in a single ejaculation and this can be repeated multiple times a day.
  • This means ejaculation does not cost men too much in terms of material.
  • For a man to increase his chances of reproductive success he is physically able to have sex with multiple partners
61
Q

Eggs for women

A
  • Woman produce one egg a month and there are particular times in the month long cycle where a women is more fertile
  • This represents quite an investment in reproduction and shows their reproductive material is much more rare.
  • Women only have roughly 300 eggs over the course of their reproductive lifetime of 25 years, suggesting they must be more selective in their choice of partners
62
Q

4 factors why Self disclosure may not be effective

A

Appropriateness of disclosure
Attributions for disclosure
Gender differences
Content of disclosure

63
Q

Appropriateness of disclosure

A
  • must be appropriate times of disclosure, e.g. not something really big on a first date
64
Q

Attributions for disclosure

A
  • If we believe the individual discloses info to everyone it will not feel special
65
Q

Gender differences

A

Women are regarded as more interested in personal info, so are more likely to be attracted to men who self disclose

66
Q

Content of disclosure

A

Must be a balance of disclosure. As if too personal could make the individual feel uncomfortable

67
Q

evaluation of self disclosures as factors affecting attraction

A
  • not identified how self disclosures in friendships differ from self disclosures in romantic relationships
  • It is unlikely self disclosures are the main cause for attraction and only a partial cause paired with attraction for example
  • The personality type also matters as someone more introverted and private may not like self disclosures
68
Q

Gunnel and ceci (Matching hypothesis) Rule of 22

A

Found that less attractive individuals were 22% more likely to be convincted in court

69
Q

Walster and Walster (Matching hypothesis)

A

Paired students randomly for a dance and told them they were paired as ideal partners.

Couples who were of similar attractiveness tended to rate their partners higher supporting the matching hypothesis

70
Q

Evaluations of physical attractiveness as a factor affecting relationships

A
  • Arranged marriages are not based on attractiveness, other cultures need to be taken into account
  • other factors such as wealth and domestic skills can play a big role in attraction
71
Q

Evaluations of filter theory

A
  • research support from Taylor et al
  • doesn’t take into account age as a factor as we tend to socialise with those of similar ages to us.
  • Can be regarded as outdated, as apps like tinder and bumble allow for us to move outside our social demographics.
72
Q

Sneak copulation

A

Being unfaithful

73
Q

Mate guarding

A

Keeping a close eye on partners to prevent them from being unfaithful

74
Q

Courtship for women

A

Dating is important for women to establish a mans worth to produce offspring

75
Q

Men can enhance their fitness by investing in his children or maximising number of mates

A

Through CADS and FADS, however they cannot do both

75
Q

Men can enhance their fitness by investing in their children or maximising number of mates

A

Through CADS and FADS, however they cannot do both

76
Q

Facial symmetry

A

Faces that are more symmetrical are deemed to be more attractive as they show a healthy set of genetics.

77
Q

Cartwright

A

Found that women with more symmetrical breasts had higher fertility levels than those with asymmetrical breasts.

Suggesting symmetry plays a role in level of fertility.

78
Q

Evaluations of relationship breakdown

A
  • Has face validity as most people who have had relationships can relate to at least one phase in the model.
  • Can apply to friendships as well as relationships suggesting practical applications
  • Cant be generalised to all relationships as it is unlikely that all relationships follow these 4 stages. lacking universality.

Paper 3 psychology (4 decks)

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