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History ( Fascist Italy) > Relationship with Political/Economic Elites > Flashcards

Relationship with Political/Economic Elites Flashcards

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1
Q

How did M try to get more power?

A

eroding that of the elites

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2
Q

Whose support did M need in order to construct compromises with the elites?

A

the monarchy

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3
Q

What would monarch support gain Mussolini?

A

legitimacy

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4
Q

Why didn’t the King object to Fascism?

A

it gave him titles e.g 1938 = Emperor of Ethiopia, 1939 = King of ALbania

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5
Q

Examples of King supporting M?

A

signed his decrees and supported his wars

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6
Q

How did the facsists encroach upon royal prerogative?

A
  • were able to fix the line of succession

- commanded the army

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7
Q

how often did M visit the king? why?

A

2x a week, to update him, not to ask for advice

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8
Q

how did the king generally react to M?

A
  • accepted his decisions publicly, privately complained abt encroachment
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9
Q

in what ways did the king resist fascism?

A
  • did not allow the army to carry out the fascist salute
  • did not allow fasces on the italian flag
  • criticised anti-sem decrees of 1938
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10
Q

by when did the king retire from public life?

A

1930

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11
Q

when did the king order m’s arrest?

A

1943

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12
Q

how did m influence the judiciary?

A
  • non-fascist judges were removed
  • mussolini had influence over trial outcomes
  • more cases of imprisonment without trial occurred
  • the Special Tribunal was created
  • judges only kept jobs if joined PNF
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13
Q

what did m promise to do to the civil service?

A

CUT IT!

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14
Q

examples of mussolini cutting the civil service?

A
  • 1922-24, ministries decreased from 15 to 11

- 50k railway workers were sacked

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15
Q

post- 1925 civil service?

A

as of 1925, the size of the civil service was maintained

  • as of 1927, 15% of civil service were PNF mems
  • by 1930, expanding
  • as of 1933, pnf membership was compulsory for civil servants
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16
Q

what did Mussolini use the civil service to do?

A

give pnf mems jobs as rewards for their loyalty

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17
Q

during what period did the nationalists play a key role in foreign policy? what is this shown by?

A

1922-1924

  • the corfu incident
  • the annexation of fiume
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18
Q

what was the foreign policy focus of 1924-30? how so?

A

less on territory, more on prestige as a European power

  • Locarno Pact
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact
  • Lateran Treaty
19
Q

What war in particular was popular with nationalists? why?

A

the 1930s Abyssinian War

  • it made up for the shame following Adowa
  • STood up to the LoN
20
Q

WHat did the fascists create to emphasis Italian glory and culture? when?

A

1925 - ‘Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals’

21
Q

When was the invasion of ALbania?

A

1939

22
Q

WHat provoked the armed forces to support M?

A

shared values

  • m wanted to expand armed forces
  • aggressive foreign policy
  • promoted senior generals
23
Q

why was there no need for major purge/reorganisation of the armed forces?

A
  • members of the armed forces generally supported mussolini
  • fascist generals were appointed
  • support was cemented
24
Q

When were plans introduced to reduce the size of the armed forces? what happened to them?

A

1925 - unpopular and dismissed

25
Q

what attitude did the fascist government have towards intervention within the military? consequences?

A

lack of intervention

  • popular with senior generals
  • long-term mistake - DISORGANISED
26
Q

Examples of Mussolini centralsiing power upon himself?

A

he headed foreign affairs, min of the interior, minister of the armed forces etc…

27
Q

when and what powers did parliament lose in Mussolini’s attempts to centralise power?

A

1926 - parliament lost power to discuss policy, debate, and amend proposed legislation

28
Q

When was parliament replaced? what with?

A

January 1939 - Chamber of Fasces + Corporations

29
Q

what did Mussolini do to local government in 1928?

A

abolition - mayors replaced w/ podestas - fascist prefectss had their powers extended

30
Q

How did M cater to tory views?

A
  • developed policies they would be fond of

- rewarded their loyalty

31
Q

how did Mussolini prevent the rise of a rival?

A

exploited rivalries

encouraged undermining

32
Q

why was Mussolini’s system of centralisation inefficient?

A

m craved adulation, thus was not amenable to good advice

by 1933, he had dismissed talented fs such as Rocco to replace them with less questioning and threatening figures

33
Q

What did Mussolini demand at the Fascist Congress? when? what followed?

A

June 1925 - demands end to arguments over policy

  • demands all obey the orders of Il Duce
  • congress then closed and held no further meetings
34
Q

When did purges of the PNF OCCUR?

A

1928

35
Q

What was the PNF mainly used for?

A

propaganda as opposed to policy-making

36
Q

How did Mussolini appoint PNF members to powerful positions? example?

A

according to loyalty rather than ability

  • Achille Starace - party secretary 1931-39 - ineffective yet loyal
37
Q

What were effective members given? why? example?

A
  • ‘safe’ posts away from the centre of power
  • to prevent the devlopment of a rival
  • Balbo sent to govern in Libya
38
Q

How did Mussolini obtain the support of economic interest groups?

A
  • the economic recovery of the mid-20s
  • businessmen and industrialists were comforted by the termination of the socialist threat - therefore people became more willing to invest, and the economy grew
39
Q

How did Mussolini attempt to appeal to rural landowners?

A
  • gov contacted landowners and undermined the possibilities of agrarian reform
  • ban of strikes,
    -self-imposed wage control banned
  • allowance of land reclamation
    these policies had no radical impacts
40
Q

What finance minister aided Mussolini in winning over industrialists? how? examples?

A

ALberto de Stefani (1922-25)
pro-business policies
privatisation of telephone companies, reintroduction of private life insurance, allowing large farms to expand

41
Q

When was the Palazzo Vidoni Pact? what did it entail?

A

October 2nd 1925

  • banned cath and soc TUs
  • banned striking
  • Fascist TUs had monopoly on labour representation (agreed by Confindustria)
42
Q

Following the Palazzo Vidoni Pact, why were strikes sometimes permitted?

A

to teach industrialists a lesson

43
Q

During TGD, what did the gov do to cement industrialist support?

A

support wage cuts

support price fixing

History ( Fascist Italy) (2 decks)

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