Rehabilitation/Treatment Lecture Flashcards
What is the rationale or aims of forensic rehabilitation?
(A) Through intervention it is possible to
reduce reoffending (i.e., Risk Reduction).
(B) Evidence outlines what makes an
effective intervention.
(C) Treatment is guided by concerns
reducing risk to community safety,
reducing the social and financial costs of
crime by rehabilitating offenders rather
than merely punishing them with
imprisonment.
(D) It’s important to improve the overall
functioning and wellbeing of offenders
to help them lead more meaningful lives
(i.e., Strength-Based).
Prevention Vs Intervention:
(3) types
What the lecture will focus on
Primary Intervention:
• A broad intervention strategy targeted at
risk groups aimed to prevent crime before
it is committed.
• E.g., interventions with at risk families,
police presence to reduce opportunities to
commit crime, increase access to housing
and financial assistance.
Secondary Intervention:
• Early interventions targeted for at risk
individuals who have had contact with the
CJS to reduce risk of reoffence.
• E.g., youth programs, RJ approaches (less
serious offenses), those at risk of criminal
career, addressing drug use, sexual
consent, anger management etc.
Tertiary Intervention:
• Responding to crime after it has been
committed.
• E.g., prison and community-based
programmed aimed at reducing violence,
sexual offending, drug offending, theft etc.
*treatment topics covered in this lecture are tertiary intervention strategies (i.e., they rehabilitate offenders after a crime has been committed).
Tertiary Intervention:
What are the three elements of case management?
- rehabilitation
- skill training and education
- employment
*rehabilitation treatments are only one aspect of case management: in conjunction with or instead of rehabilitation, there are training and educational programs with an employment focus as well.
(8) Types of Rehabilitation Programs:
• Drug and alcohol programmes • Skills-based programmes • Motivational programmes • Tikanga programmes • Faith-based programmes, chaplains • Counselling • Forensic mental health • Criminogenic programmes – target offence-related factors and are the focus of this lecture!
Note: treatment can be administered by corrections staff or external providers contracted by prisons, in community centres, prisons or both.
(6) Factors of Criminogenic Programs:
- Are Different Lengths and Intensity: the
intensity of the treatment matches the
level of risk of the offender (i.e., dosage). - Mainly group-based programs, the size of
the groups may vary but usually falls
between 4-10 people. - Provided in prison and community-based
programs. - Are heavily manualized, run across
multiple sessions and modules which
target their own risk factor. - Psychologists and programme facilitators
run the sessions by themselves or
collaboratively (co/tri facilitated). - There are separate programs for: males
and females, adults and youth, risk level
of offenders and offense specific or
general programs.
What is the Goal of Rehabilitative Treatment?
*Desistence
• To great reductions in offending till they live
an offense free lifestyle (i.e., desistence).
• Desistance can occur without intervention
through maturation.
• Main theories it covers is turning points,
changes in identity (i.e., marriage,
employment, children or shock of prison
and cutting off antisocial peers).
• Treatment should aim to provide the
capacities/resources necessary to engage
in the desistence process as well as
monitoring high risk situations.
How do we design rehabilitative programmes?
How do we decide what in our training manuals?
• There are levels of theory:
o Level 1:
broader multifactorial frameworks of
what makes a good rehabilitative
theory. It provides board, global, and
high-level parameters.
RNR, Reducing Reoffending and
Strength-Based.
o Level 2:
A conceptual guide representing a
broad intervention approach that falls
under a level 1 rehabilitation theory.
E.g., Relapse Prevention Model, CBT,
ACT, DBT, GLM, Holistic Wellbeing,
Narrative.
o Level 3:
Intervention theories for specific
programs, describe the programme
processes and content, therapist
characteristics that make treatment
more effective, the group that
treatment is intended to target (i.e.,
women, youth or offense specific), the
changes we would expect to see if the
treatment is effective (i.e., wellbeing
increases, reductions in impulsivity, and
change in thought patterns).
The characteristics of a specific
intervention are designed in reference
to level 2 and 1 theory.
Level 1 Theory: “What Works” The Psychology of Criminal Conduct (Andrews and Bonta, 2010)
The (3) core principles…
The (2) additional principles added on…
The underlying approach/theory…
The DRF’s are conflated to be __ of crime but instead cause is attributed to the ___ to offend.
Is a __ model
• The core principles of effective
rehabilitation are Andrews and Bonta’s
(2010) RNR Model.
• These additional principles have been
added: professional discretion, strengths
etc.
• General Personality and Cognitive Social
Learning Approach (PIC-R) explains
antisocial behaviour is learnt, reinforced
and associated with (8) central risk factors
assumed to be potential causes of crime.
o However, the cause of offending is
attributed to the decision to offend.
• Aims to reduce reoffending (i.e., a risk-
reduction model).
(3) Principles of Effective Rehabilitation:
- Risk:
• Risk can be estimated (i.e., predicted
above chance levels), treatment intensity
should match the risk of re-offending,
avoid mixing risk levels (i.e., contamination;
fear that putting low-risk offenders in
intensive treatment with high-risk
offenders there is a fear that they will build
antisocial relationships and actually
increase their risk of offending).
• Criminogenic Programs are targeted for
high-risk or medium-offenders with no
focus on low-risk offenders for this type of
treatment. They may use education or skill
training and employment interventions. - Need:
• Treatment should predominantly target
dynamic risk factors (i.e., criminogenic
needs), covers a range of risk factors
rather than one. - Responsivity:
• Treatment should be based on evidence
that illustrates the most effective
interventions (generally) and needs to be
delivered in a manner that is responsive to
the individual needs or learning style of
the offender (specific).
• E.g., culture, literacy skills, language
barriers, mental health or tailored
specifically for women or youth.
Criminogenic Treatments in NZ:
Are the “what works” principles validated in NZ?
What two things do they need to be adapted to?
• “what works” RNR principles were not
developed or cross-culturally validated in
NZ and must be adapted to fit a NZ
context (i.e., overrepresentation of Maori
in the CJS and Pacifica population).
• Debate on whether culture is a responsivity
factor or if it is more integral to human
functioning.
• Hōkai Rangi strategy illustrates an
approach which focuses on cultural identity,
strength-based, holistic and healing model
of offending and culture which in believed
to address the disproportionately high
recidivism rates for Maori.
Who gets Treatment?
*not everyone!
Eligibility, Referrals, and Suitability
• Eligibility Criteria: o Age (adult vs youth-specific programs), o Gender, o Offense type (sexual offenders are excluded from general offending treatments), o Risk-level (not low risk), o But over-rides by clinicians can be made if they do not meet the criteria but is believed to be in need of treatment.
• Referrals to Programmes:
o Either judges, parole officers or case
managers are able to refer people who
meet the eligibility requirements of
treatment to a program.
• Suitability:
o To be accepted into treatment the
professional administrating the treatment
program must deem the offender suitable
for the treatment program.
o This judgment includes concerns about
risk/need, motivations of the offender to
get treatment (voluntary or court-
mandated), barriers (i.e., sentence length,
child transport, mental health, educational
or employment commitments, substance
abuse or illiteracy).
Readiness and Motivation of the Offender:
An offenders motivation can be __ or ___
motivation can be assessed using….
we may need to help them out of the __ stage and into the __ stage using ___ ____
which is used for (4) reasons and uses (4) techniques.
• An offender’s motivation to complete
treatment may be extrinsic or intrinsic (i.e.,
parole eligibility based on a desire to get
better or live a better life).
• To determine their motivation, we may
need to use rating scales to determine
which stage of the change model they’re
in.
• We may need to address people who are in the pre-contemplation stage and feel that they do not need to change, and nothing is wrong with them (i.e., ambivalence).
• To help people progress from
precontemplation stage to the preparation
stage we can use motivational interviewing:
o Develop discrepancy in their goals and
their current behaviour.
o Roll with their resistance rather than
fighting it (i.e., no arguing).
o Express empathy (i.e., even though it can
be hard).
o Support self-efficacy (i.e., self-
determination at their own pace).
• Techniques motivational interviewing uses:
o Open-ended questions (i.e., what do you
want your future to look like? What will
your life look like in five years?).
o Affirmation.
o Reflective Listening (i.e., repeating good
points to amplify change talk).
o Summarizing.
(4) Components of Treatment Planning:
- Background information/life history
covering different areas of life:
• e.g., whanau/relationships, school/work,
leisure time, substance use, significant
events, peers, past offending,
attitudes/values
• To identify who they are and where they
come from. - Identity:
• e.g., who is this person, where have they
come from, how do they see the world,
what is important to them?
• Building rapport with mutual sharing of
information. - Formulating offending (i.e., case
formulation):
• e.g., a mini-theory aiming to explain the
individual’s offending, situation,
thoughts/emotions, decision, motivation,
consequences.
• Talk about their index crime (i.e., most
recent or most severe crime that lead to
their current imprisonment) to base their
case off of and develop a theory about what
lead to the crime at hand, their motivations,
what primary human goods needs it meets. - Goals aimed at living a personally
meaningful life without offending:
• Focus on building capacities to meet gaols
and are linked with programme content
• Identifies a major goal to work towards, as
defined by the offender, and help build mini
goals or milestones that the treatment
modules can teach them skills to help them
reach their main goal.
What do Programmes Target?
The goals or content of programs target the __ principle
The two types of goals or content of programs
The goals or content of programs (need principle)
(A) The Central 8 Risk Factors:
• History of antisocial behaviour
• Antisocial personality pattern
• Antisocial cognition
• Antisocial associates
• Marital/family
• Employment
• Leisure
• Substance Abuse
(B) Capacities and Skills:
• Impulse control, managing urges
• Problem-solving
• Managing/accepting thoughts
• Managing/accepting emotions
• Peers (i.e., managing pressure, assertive
communication)
• Relationships (i.e., healthy, support)
• Lifestyle balance (i.e., health or te whare
tapu wha)
• Culture, identity, values, priorities.
*we are shifting from DRF’s to building skills and capacities.
How do Programmes support Change?
Through its content and approaches:
• Treatment is provided in an eclectic or
“hybrid” manner:
o They’re guided by the general responsivity principle: CBT Relapse prevention for developing a safety/future plan for dealing with high risk situations. Dialectical (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).
o They’re guided by the specific responsivity
principle:
Maori models/processes (e.g., te whare
tapu wha, purakau, karakia).
Good Lives Model (GLM).
Note: these level 2 items are integrated under a level 1 theory of effective treatment to inform level 3 treatment design.
