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Biology 11 > Regulatory System > Flashcards

Regulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 types of Intercellular Communication?

A
  1. Endocrine signaling
  2. Paracrine signaling
  3. Autocrine signaling
  4. Synaptic signaling
  5. Neuroendocrine signaling
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2
Q

Explain Endocrine Signaling

A

secreted molecules diffuse into bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells

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3
Q

Explain Paracrine Signaling

A

secreted molecules diffues locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells

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4
Q

Explain Autocrine Signaling

A

secreted molecules diffues locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

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5
Q

Explain Synaptic Signaling

A
  • neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues.
  • unique to nervous system.
  • similar to paracrine signaling (locally, but to nearby synapse).
  • Neurons and Muscle cells only.
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6
Q

Explain Neuroendocrine signaling

A

neurohormones are released into bloodstream and trigger responses anywhere in the body

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7
Q

Different Types of Signaling Molecules

A
  1. Local Regulators
  2. Neurotransmitters
  3. Neurohormones
  4. Pheromones
  5. Hormones
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8
Q

Local Regulators

A
  1. Growth Factor
    * bind to cell surface stimulating cell division
  2. Cytokines
    * signals to cause an immune response (inflammation)
  3. Nitric Oxide (NO)
  • to kill bacteria and cancer cell when secreted by WBCs
  • can act as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons
  • dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by endothelial cells
  1. Prostaglandins (PGs)
  • modified fatty acids
  • promote fever and inflammation and intensify pain
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9
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • secreted by neurons at synapses
  • diffuse a very short distance
  • bind receptors on target cells
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10
Q

Neurohormones

A
  • secreted by neurosecretory cells
  • diffuse from nerve cell endings into bloodstream
  • ADH (Antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin)
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11
Q

Function of ADH

A

promotes re-absorption of water

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12
Q

Pheromones

A
  • released into the external environment
  • triggers a social response from members of the same species
    • mark trails for food
    • defining territories
    • warning of predators
    • attracting potential mates
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13
Q

Hormones

A
  • chemical messengers of the body
  • regulate growth and development
  • control function of various tissues
  • support reproductive functions
  • regulate metabolism
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14
Q

Differentiate the alpha and beta Epinephrine

A

Alpha

  • constrict blood vessels

Beta

  1. dilates blood vessels (relaxation = heart beats slower = lower blood pressure)
  2. break down glucose in liver
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15
Q

Function of the Endocrine System

A

controls animals activities via hormones

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16
Q

Hormones

A
  • released into the blood in small amounts - transported by the circulatory system to target cells - they initiate physiological responses
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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

most important organ of the Endocrine System - links the endocrine and nervous system via the pituitary gland

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18
Q

Major Endocrine Glands (HyPPiT PAdPaK OT)

A
  1. Hypothalamus 2. Pineal gland 3. Pituitary gland 4. Thyroid gland 5. Parathyroid gland 6. Adrenal glands 7. Pancreas 8. Kidney 9. Ovaries 10. Testes
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19
Q

Organs containing Endocrine Cells (THe LiSt KiS)

A
  1. Thymus 2. Heart 3. Liver 4. Stomach 5. Kidney 6. Small Intestine
20
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • most important organ of the Endocrine System - links the endocrine and nervous system via the pituitary gland
21
Q

What hormones do the Hypothalamus release?

A
  1. Releasing hormones - stimulate the anterior pituitary 2. Inhibiting hormones - prevent anterior pituitary
22
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland releases what hormones and where are their targets?

A
  1. FSH and LH –> testes/ovaries 2. TSH –> thyroid 3. ACTH –> adrenal cortex 4. Prolactin –> Mammary glands 5. MSH –> Melanocytes 6. GH –> Liver, bones, and tissues
23
Q

How are the release of hormones regulated?

A

Stimulus and Feedback

24
Q

What is Hypopituitary dwarfism

A

Decrease body growth due to low levels of GH - proportionate little person because all growth of the individual’s structures are decreased

25
Q

Thyroid gland releases what hormones?

A
  1. T3 2. T4 (has 1 more Iodine atom than T3) the only cells that can absorb iodine 3. Calcitonine -lowers blood calcium level - contradicted by parathryroid hormone from parathryroid gland
26
Q

How do bones release calcium

A

Osteoclasts destroy some bone to release Calcium

27
Q

What is hypoparathyoidism?

A
  • the lack of Parathyroid Hormone - calcium levels drop - convulsive contraction of skeletal muscles
28
Q

What is a Simple Goiter

A
  • Enlargement of thyroid gland caused by deficient iodine in diet - when thyroid produces and releases too much thyroid hormone
29
Q

What is Cretinism

A
  • from malfunctioning of thyroid gland at an early age - mentally retarded dwarf - severe stunted mental and physical growth
30
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • found at the tip of the kidneys - made of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
31
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Corticosteriods - glucocorticoids – reaises blood glucose - mineralocorticoids – affects salt and water balance

32
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Catecholamines - body’s response to stress - prepares for fight or flight reactions - epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

33
Q

Differentiate the short-term and long term stress response

A

SHORT TERM - effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine LONG TERM - effects of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

34
Q

What are the third group og corticosteriods

A

Sex Hormones androgens – secreted by adrenal cortex (along with estrogen and progesterone) – growth spurt before puberty – responsible for female sex drive

35
Q

What is Cushing Syndrome

A
  • caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood - rapid weight gain (esp in trunk and face)
36
Q

What is Cushing Syndrome

A
  • caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood - rapid weight gain (esp in trunk and face)
37
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • found in the diencephalon of the brain - produces melatonin (involved in biological rhythms/cycles)
38
Q

Melatonin Production

A
  • inhibited by light and promoted by darkness (Blue light = 460-480 nm) - regulates biological clock (sleep cycle) *winter nights are longer than summer nights
39
Q

Pancreas

A

-has both endocrine and exocrine functions

40
Q

What are the third group og corticosteriods

A

Sex Hormones (androgens) - secreted by adrenal cortex (along with estrogen and progesterone) - growth spurt before puberty - responsible for female sex drive

41
Q

What are the Endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

insulin and glucagon secreted by islets of Langerhans

42
Q

What is the relationship of insuline and glucagon?

A
  • Insulin lowers blood glucose levels
  • Glucagon raises blood glucose levels
43
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A
  • high blood sugar levels
  • symptoms: excessive urination and thirst, glucose in urine - can lead to renal failure, erectile dysfuctions, blindness, slow healing wounds, and arterial disease
  • glucose can’t enter cells = cells starve
  • if severe, fat substitutes for glucose as major fuel source –> production of acidic metabolites –> life threatening lowering of blood pH
44
Q

What are the 2 types of Diabetes mellitus

A

Type 1

  • appears in childhood
  • insulin injections

Type 2

  • targets cells are not responding to insuline
  • usually after 40
  • biguanide meformin and lifestyle modification
45
Q

Gonads

A

Testes (male)

  • release Andrgens

Ovaries (female)

  • release Estrogens and Progesterone
    • both regulated by FSH and LH
46
Q

Androgens

A
  • support sperm formation
  • promote maintenance of sex characteristics
47
Q

Endocrine Regulation in Insects

A

prothoracicotropic hormone

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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