Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology - Pulmonary > Regulation of Ventilation > Flashcards

Regulation of Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What does Dr. Rosen say is the most important regulator?

A

The Bicarb Buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Equation for equilibrium constant?

A

K = [(H3O)(A-)]/[(HA)(H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Equation for dissociation constant?

A

K = [(H+)(A-)]/(HA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Henderson-Hasselbach equation?

A

pH = pK + log [(A-)/(HA)]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The ability of buffers to minimize fluctuations in pH depnds primarily on….

A

pK of the buffer relative to pH of body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When (A-)=(HA), pH=

A

pK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When pH=pK, buffering capacity is…

A

maximal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most commonly utilized physiological buffer?

A

HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

log 1 =

A

0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is Hb a big deal in buffering?

A

Yes. RBC proteins have approx. 60% buffering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If pK = 6.1 and pH = 7.4, then why is the bicarbonate system so great anyway?

A

The ratio of HCO3/CO2 is kept fairly constant by breathing. Everything goes to shit if you quit breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

On an acid added vs. pH chart, where is pK?

A

The middle

Review on Pg. 9-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to ventilation/Bicarb system in COPD

A

Elasticity of the lung is lost. Incomplete exhalation.

Retained CO2 -> Lowered pH -> Respiratory Acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to ventilation/Bicarb system in hyperventilation?

A

CO2 is blown off -> pH Increases –> Respiratory Alkalosis

Risk of Stopped breathing/Seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary factor in respiratory control?

A

CO2. When it is decreased, respirations slow and could even stop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nervous signals of the voluntary respiratory control system?

A

Cerebral Cortex –Corticospinal Tracts–> Respiratory Motoneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functions of the voluntary control system of ventilation?

A

Speech, Voluntary Breath Holding, Fear, Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do the neurons of the pons and medulla do in the autonomic control system of ventilation?

A

Generate rhythmic, patterned excitatory output to muscle groups of inspiratory or expiratory muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are lower motor neuron cell bodies of the autonomic control system located?

A

Phrenic Motor Nucleus (C3-5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transection below the medulla will…

A

stop breathing completely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transection above the medulla will…

A

not affect breathing greatly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a Central Pattern Generator?

A

A group of neurons capable of rhythmic patterned output in the absence of outside influence or sensory feedback.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Role of the dorsal respiratory group in breathing?

A

Primary stimulus for inspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does the dorsal respiratory group receive input from? (4)

A

Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Pulmonary Stretch Receptors
Somatic Pain Receptors
Mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Phrenic nerve activity during inspiration?
Activity increases in rate and number of units discharging (recruitment)
26
What does the increase in phrenic activity cause?
Recruitment of more muscle fibers. | More motor units = Bigger Tidal Volume
27
What terminated inspiration?
Natural CPG rhythm modulated by sensory feedback.
28
Is expiration or inspiration primarily passive?
expiration
29
Role of Ventral Respiratory Group in respiration?
Contains inspiratory (mostly accessory muscles) and expiratory neurons.
30
Transection at inferior pons causes... | Why?
Sustained gasping breathing. | Unregulated output of apneuistic center.
31
Who normally regulates the apneuistic center?
Pneumotaxic Center in superior pons.
32
Cutting at the inferior pons will cause...
Prolonged Inspiration
33
What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?
Vagal feedback from stretch receptors of the lungs inhibit inspiration
34
BIG PICTURE - In breathing, medulla is there for ... pons/vagus are there for...
Sustaining Patterned Breathing | Fine Tuning/Feedback
35
Where are the carotid bodies located? Aortic Bodies?
The bifurcation of the common carotids. | Near the aortic Arch.
36
What are type I cells of the islands called?
Glomus
37
Afferents from the carotid body go to the ______ via the _____.
Medulla. Glossopharyngeal.
38
Afferents from the aortic bodies go to the _______ via the ______
Medulla. Vagus.
39
Conduction speed of fibers returning to the medulla from the CB?
7-12 m/sec
40
Per gram, what is the most vascular structure in the body?
Carotid Body
41
Carotid/Aortic bodies increase their discharge when...
pH drops
42
Effect of Carotid/Aortic body stimulation?
Increased Rate and Tidal Volume (and thus overall ventilation).
43
Carotid bodies account for __% of the ventilatory drive. Losing them causes a ____% loss in response to CO2
20 | 30
44
What goes with a loss of carotid bodies?
Compensatory ventilatory response to hypoxia
45
Influence of which is more important -- Carotid or Aortic Bodies?
Carotid
46
Hypercapnea =
Elevated CO2 in the Blood
47
Maximum receptor activity is at ______
Low Po2 values
48
For Carotid Body, High pH will cause... | Low pH will cause...
Less Firing | More Firing
49
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
Ventral Medulla | Near CN VI-X+XII
50
What do central chemoreceptors sense changes in? (medium)
CSF
51
Why is CO2 in this region comparable to the blood?
Close proximity to choroid lexus | High Blood Flow
52
How does H+ get into the CSF?
CO2 crosses BBB Hydrated to H2CO3 Dissociates to HCO3 and H+
53
What happens with acidosis of the CSF?
Increased Tidal Volume
54
Why does the CO2 matter to central receptors
As an intermediate to make H+ | CO2 has very little effect without pH change
55
Central receptors respond ____ to H+ and _______ to CO2
Directly | Indirectly
56
How does adaption occur?
Compensatory transport of HCO3- across BBB via Cl- anion exchanger
57
Example of a patient in which adaption would occur
A patient with obstructive lung disease would return to normal breathing despite high CO2
58
What is the primary driver of ventilation for post-adaption patients?
PO2
59
Respiratory Acid-Base control interacts at times with _______
Metabolic acid-base conditions
60
Metabolic Acidosis is.... | It will cause....
Accumulation of ketone acids in diabetes | Respiratory Stimulation -> Hyperventilation -> Increase in Blood pH
61
Metabolic alkalosos cause... | It will cause....
Lots o vomiting | Depressed ventilation -> Inc. in CO2 -> Drop in Blood pH
62
When metabolism increases, pCO2.... | So What
Rises | Causes inc. ventilation
63
Alveolar PCO2 and ventilation have a nearly _______ relationship.
Linear
64
What causes a change in the linear relationship of alveolar PCO2 and ventilation?
When PCO2 of inspired air comes near alveolar, CO2 elimination becomes difficult
65
Inhaled CO2 above 7% can lead to...
Spike in PCO2 CNS Depression CO2 narcosis + Coma
66
Relationship of PO2 and ventilation rate?
PO2 must drop significantly before ventilation is affected.
67
How low must PO2 drop before significant change is noted?
60 mm Hg
68
What happens in carbon monoxide poisoning?
CO binds Hb --> Carboxyhemoglobin | Binding of CO to one of the 4 causes retained O2 at other sites and no release.
69
What happens to the Ox dissociation curve in CO poisoning?
To the Left
70
Name three nonchemical influences on ventilation.
Proprioceptors and Stretch Receptors Irritant Receptors Other Pulmonary Receptors
71
Where are proprioceptor/stretch receptors located? | Stim ventilation in response to...
``` Muscles/Tendons/Joints Physical Disturbance (Slap/Tickle) and possibly in anticipation of exercise ```
72
What stimulates irritant receptors
Chemical Irritants Mechanical Irritants Histamine and Bradykinin
73
Effect of irritant receptors on trachea/bronchi? Receptors of the lungs?
Receptors of trachea and bronchi -- coughing | Receptors of lungs -- Rapid shallow breathing and bronchoconstriction.
74
Stretch receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways....
Excites sensory neurons of the vagus --> Inhibiting Resp.
75
When does the Hering-Breuer reflex turn on in adults?
Tidal Volumes Above 1 Liter | Very Strenuous Exercise
76
Deflation receptors stimulate....
rapid, shallow breathing.
77
Deflation receptors may contribute to ventilatory response to...
Pulmonary Congestion or Edema
78
What is the Reticular Activating System?
A diffuse group of neurons in the midbrain/medulla that contributes to many autonomic functions.
79
Two now familiar components of the Reticular Activating System?
DRG and VRG
80
Off switch neurons are ________ for most of inspiration, but over time....
Inhibited. | inhibition decreases until respiration can be terminated.
81
Symptom Rosen loved using to describe ALKALOSIS | Secondary symptom he also seemed to like
Tingling around the fingers/mouth | Dry Mouth
82
What happens in a tonic seizure?
Extremities go stiff

Physiology - Pulmonary (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions