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Neoplasia > Regulation Of Tissue Growth > Flashcards

Regulation Of Tissue Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in size of an organ or tissue due to an increased in the size of individual cells

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2
Q

Atrophy

A

An acquired diminution of growth due to a decrease in size or number of constituent parts

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3
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the size of an organ due to an increase in the number of component cells - increase in proliferation

Architecture of organ remains intact

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4
Q

Spindle assembly checkpoint

A

Occurs during middle of mitosis before anaphase to check chromosomes are lined up correctly on the metaphase plate

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5
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

Controls whether the cell is ready and able to complete whole cycle

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6
Q

Intrinsic factors affecting cell cycle

A

Cycling, CDKs, CDK inhibitors

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7
Q

Extrinsic factors

A

Ligand receptor interactions
Physical interactions with the extracellular matrix
Cell:cell adhesion
Polypeptide growth factors, ligands, hormones

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8
Q

Decisions at G1 checkpoint -> Recycle

A

Immediately go round another cycle

Self renewing cells -> bone marrow, covering epithelium, lymphoid tissue

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9
Q

Decisions at G1 checkpoint: Decycle

A

Rest in G0 - option to re-enter G1

Conditional renewal e.g. hepatocytes, fibrocytes, differentiation and proliferation not compatible

Or

Decycle differentiate and permanently exit from cell cycle

Permanent cells e.g. neurones, striated monocytes

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10
Q

Cyclin associated with G1->S

A

CDK4-Cyclin D/ CDK 5 - cyclin D

CDK 2 - cyclin E

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11
Q

Cyclin complex associated with S->G2

A

CDK2-cyclin A

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12
Q

Cyclin complexes associated with G2->M

A

CDK1-cyclin B

CDK1-cyclin A

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13
Q

Tissue stem cells

A

Undergo self renewing mitotic divisions

A certain number of daughter cells retain stem cell phenotype
1 remains while 1 differentiates

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14
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another in response to injury

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15
Q

Dysplasia

A

Part of the spectrum of pre-invasive neoplasia dysplasia changes do not necessarily revert to normal once the injury has been removed

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16
Q

Morphology of dysplasia

A

Enlargement -> increase in nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
Irregularity -> pleomorphism (variation in nuclear shape, size, shape and chromatin staining)
Hyperchromatic staining -> dark nucleus
Increased mitosis

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17
Q

Neoplasia

A

An abnormal mass of tissue which growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists even when the stimulus is removed

18
Q

Tumours

A

Cells that have deregulated or lost division/differentiation/death controls which regulate tissue organisation and architecture

The cell may lose partially or totally specialised function and acquire new functions -> invasion and metastasis

19
Q

Invasion

A

The capacity for a cell to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and organs

20
Q

Metastasis

A

The ability to spread to and proliferate in distant parts of the body after the tumour cells have been transported by lymph or blood or along body spaces

21
Q

Malignant

A

Neoplasms which invade adjacent tissues and/or metastasise

22
Q

Benign

A

Neoplasms which proliferate but do not invade or metastasise
In general growth is not life threatening, their clinical course is predictable - though can cause problems if their position in the body causes pressure, obstruction

23
Q

Characteristics of malignant tumour

A 
Aneuploid (abnormal number of chromosomes)
Abnormal mitosis
Nuclei pleomorphic and hyperchromatic
Cut surfaces - heterogeneous
Surface often ulcerated and necrotic
Not demarcated clearly
Invade and metastasise 
High mitotic rate and rapid growth
24
Q

Characteristics of a benign tumour

A 
Not clearly demarcated from surrounding tissue
No clonal mutations
Near normal nuclear morphology
Slow growing
Low mitotic rate
25
Q

Destructive invasive growth behaviour of cancer

A

Obstruction or constriction of flow in vital organs
Blood loss -> ulceration and haemorrhage
Metabolic effects -> cachexia
Pressure and destruction of adjacent tissues

26
Q

Osteoma

A

Benign tumour of bone

27
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign tumour of surface squamous epithelia-> skin, cervix, oesophagous

28
Q

Rhabdonyoma

A

Benign tumour of skeletal muscle

29
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumour of glandular epithelia -> colon, breast, ovary

30
Q

Tear to a

A

Benign tumour of germ cells

31
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign tumour of adipocytes

32
Q

Fibroma

A

Benign tumour of fibrocytes

33
Q

Chondroma

A

Benign tumour of chondrocytes

34
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign tumour of smooth muscle

35
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of squamous epithelium

Or tissues with potential to become squamous

36
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of glandular epithelium

37
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of connective tissue

fibrosarcomas, chondrosarcomas, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdonyosarcoma, osteosarcoma

38
Q

Teratocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumours of germ cell

melanoma of the skin
Seminoma of the testis
Lymphoma of the lymph nodes

39
Q

Stroma

A

vascular connective tissue surrounding snd supporting the neoplasticism cells

40
Q

Leukaemia

A

Cancer of white blood cells

classification based on cell maturity and clinical course, cell lineage

41
Q

Cancer staging

A

Measure of how advanced the tumour has become in primary growth and secondary spread -> guides post operative treatment

42
Q

TNM cancer staging

A

Cancer staging based on:
Tumour size
Degree of lymph node movement
Extent of distant metastases

Neoplasia (4 decks)

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