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Biol Midterm 3 > Regulation of gene expression > Flashcards

Regulation of gene expression Flashcards

1
Q

Amount of protein is determined by the rate of (3)

A

transcription
translation
degradation of mRNA or protein

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2
Q

activity of a protein is determined by (2)

A

protein cleavage
protein modifications

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3
Q

A common way for cells to regulate gene expression

A

controll transcriptioin

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4
Q

transcription of a gene is off/low

A

absence of activator or presence of repressor

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5
Q

transcription is on/high

A

presence of activator/lack of repressor

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6
Q

transcription in prokaryotes

A

organize related genes into operons

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7
Q

transcription in eukaryotes

A

have shared regulatory sequences

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8
Q

operon

A

functionally related genes

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9
Q

what do operons produce

A

multiple proteins from a single mRNA transcript

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10
Q

inducible operon

A

turned off until the products of gene expression are needed

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11
Q

repressible operon

A

turned on until the products of gene expression aren’t needed

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12
Q

An famous example of an inducible operon

A

lac operon

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13
Q

When is the lac operon repressed

A

when lactose is absent

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14
Q

What type of operon is the trp operon

A

repressible

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15
Q

when is the trp repressor active

A

when tryptophan is bound

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16
Q

The gal operon is an inducible that contains genes necessayr for galactose metabolism What is not true about the gal operon

A

galactose binds to the operator

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17
Q

How are eukaryotic cells transcription regulated?

A

by proteins that bind to enhancers located in and around genes

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18
Q

what are enhancers

A

DNA sequences in the regulatory regiion of a gene that can increase transcription from a nearby promoter

19
Q

Enhancer-bindiing proteins promote what

A

transcription

20
Q

Location of enhancers

A

may be distant from the promoter

21
Q

mediator proteins

A

makes all the factors come together

22
Q

more transcription factors effect on producing gene

A

more gene produced

23
Q

Cell differentiation

A

process by which cells become specialized

24
Q

selective expression of different genes

A

can give rise to different cell types

25
Q

situ hybridization

A

used to detect the presence and location of mRNA from one specific gene

26
Q

microarrays allow for what

A

global analysis of gene expression

27
Q

Single cell RNA-seq

A

can be used to characterize the transcriptome of complex tissues

28
Q

RNA sequence reveals

A

gene expression varies even in seemingly homogenous tissues

29
Q

Two histone modifications

A

acetylation and methylation

30
Q

acetylation

A

transcriptional activation

31
Q

methylation

A

transcriptional repression

32
Q

DNA modification

A

cytosine methylation

33
Q

cytosine methylation

A

transcriptional repression

34
Q

nucleosome

A

packaging DNA unit

35
Q

methylation of cytosines in

A

CpG islands represses transcription

36
Q

epigenetic modifications

A

change chromatin structure

37
Q

Environmental factors

A

affect DNA methylation and have effects on health

38
Q

Alternative splicing

A

a form of differential gene expression

39
Q

microRNAs

A

regulate eukaryotic gene expression by blocking translation or promoting mRNA degradatioin

40
Q

three facts about miRNA

A
  1. tissue and developmental stage specifific miRNA exprfession
    2.more than 60% of genes regualted by miRNA
  2. each miRNA can regulate multiple mRNA targets
41
Q

microRNAs in plants

A

regulate gene expression

42
Q

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA)

A

regulate gene expression such as guiding, scaffolding

43
Q

postranslational mechanisms for regulating gene expression (5)

A
  1. reversible modifications like phosphorylation
  2. regulation of protein folding (chaperones)
  3. interactions with small molecules like Ca2+
  4. proteolytic cleavage
  5. ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Biol Midterm 3 (6 decks)

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