Regulation of Developmental

Question 1

How can a lineage of each cell in you body be traced back to?

Answer 1

The pluripotent stem cells of the blastocyst

Question 2

What and where are the totipotent cells?

Answer 2

Zygote/morula

- ability for all things, give rise to the fetus and support tissue

Question 3

What and where are the pluripotent cells?

Answer 3

They are the stem cells of the blastocyts, and make only the fetus, ability fro MANY, not all things, produce 3 germ layers

Question 4

What happens to our stem cells as we develop?

Answer 4

increasingly specified to a narrow range of cell fates

- multipotent

Question 5

Multipotent stem cells

Answer 5

cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialized cell types present in a specific tissue or organ

Question 6

What are the multipotent stem cells committed to?

Answer 6

Progenitors

Question 7

What is a stem cell?

Answer 7

Stems cells are the body’s raw material - cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated.

Question 8

What are the defining features of stem cell?

Answer 8

Ability to self-renew: produce new stem cells or ability to differentiate which is a process by an unspecialized and the cell become specialized

Question 9

What is the first stage of development for a mouse?

Answer 9

E0-E4, so after implantation (E4) the placenta forms - tissues that connects maternal and fetal circulatory systems to support fetal growth

Question 10

Gastrulation

Answer 10

E6.5

This is when the 3 germ layers are estbalished, and every cell in our body can be traced back to 1 of the 3 germ layers

Question 11

How do we determine if a cell is pluripotent?

Answer 11

Start with a single isolate cell, which will go through a process of self-renewal, and then differentiation…. if the cells are pluripotent, they will give rise to all three germ layers

Question 12

What is differentiation?

Answer 12

During development, stem cells and progenitors increasingly specialized by differentiation

neurons are terminally differentiated, meaning that they cannot give rise to cells that are more specialized

Question 13

What are progenitor cells?

Answer 13

They are biological cells and like stem cells, they too have the ability to differentiate into a specific type of cell. However, they are already more specific than stem cells and can only be pushed to differentiate into its “target” cell.

Question 14

Organogenesis

Answer 14

Organogenesis: starts at the end of gastrulation, the series of organized integrated processes that transforms an amorphous (no clear shape or structure) mass of cells into a complete organ in the developing embryo

• reorganization and differentiation of cells from the 3 germ layers to produce tissues and organs

Question 15

Morphogenesis

Answer 15

a biological process that causes a tissue or organ to develop its shape by controlling the spatial distribution of cells during embryonic development.

• spatiotemporal coordination of cell differentiation, growth, migration, and death to form patterned tissues to produce functional body structures and requires precise signaling and gene regulation

Question 16

Embryonic sources of organs contain what?

Answer 16

Stem/progenitor cells, which give rise to organs. Cells in these structures also produce signals to guide cell differentiation and migration providing regional information

Question 17

How is identity of a cell determined?

Answer 17

By which gene is expressed and gene expression is arranged by transcription factors

Question 18

How are transcription factors regulated?

Answer 18

By cell signaling

Question 19

Identity and fate are regulated by the combined effects of

Answer 19

cell signals and transcription factors