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physiology final > Regulation L39 > Flashcards

Regulation L39 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 components that tightly control breathing rate and tidal volume

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • brain stem control centers
  • respiratory muscles
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2
Q

voluntary control of breathing can be exerted by what?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • when? breath holding or voluntary hyperventilation
    • temporarily override brain stem
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3
Q

name the two respiratory control centers in the brain stem

A
  • pons respiratory centers
  • medullary respiratory centers
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4
Q

name the three parts of the medullary respiratory centers

A
  • rostral ventromedial medulla
  • dorsal respiratory group
  • ventral respiratory group
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5
Q

name the two parts of pons respiratory center

A
  • pneumotaxic center
  • apneustic center
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6
Q

where is the inspiratory center located

A

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

*comprises of cells in the NTS

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7
Q

dorsal respiratory group (DRG) receives input from peripheral chemoreceptors via what two nerves

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • vagus nerve
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8
Q

dorsal respiratory group (DRG) receives input from mechanoreceptors in lungs via what nerve

A

vagus nerve

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9
Q

the inspiratory center sends motor output to what muscle via what nerve?

A
  • diaphragm
  • phrenic nerve
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10
Q

inspiration is shortened by inhibition of the inspiratory center via what?

A

pneumotaxic center

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11
Q

location and function of pneumotaxic center

A
  • upper pons
  • turns off inspiration
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12
Q

how does pneumotaxic center turn off inspiration

A
  • limits burst of action potentials in the phrenic nerve
    • thus limits size of tidal volume and secondarily regulates respiratory rate
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13
Q

where is the expiratory center located

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

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14
Q

are ventral respiratory group (VRG) neurons generally active or inactive during regular breathing?

A

inactive because expiration is generally passive

*center becomes active during exercise

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15
Q

what is apneusis breathing

A
  • abnormal breathing pattern
    • prolonged ispiratory gasps followed by brief expiratory movement
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16
Q

how does apneusis breathing occur. List steps

A
  1. stimulation of apneustic center in the lower pons
  2. stimulation of apneustic center excites inspiratory center in medulla (DRG)
  3. prolonged action potential in phrenic nerve
  4. prolonged diaphragm contraction
  5. prolonged inspiratory gasps
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17
Q

what can temporarily override automatic brain stem centers

A

commands from cerebral cortex

  • e.g. hyperventilation
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18
Q

hyperventilation affect on PaCO2 and arterial pH

A
  • PaCO2 decreases
  • arterial pH become more basic
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19
Q

hypoventilation affect on PaCO2 and PaO2

A
  • PaO2 decreases
  • PaCO2 increases
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20
Q

what is the most important information that chemoreceptors sends to the brain stem

A

CO2 levels

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21
Q

chemoreceptors send what information to brain stem

A
  • PaO2
  • PaCO2
  • arterial pH
22
Q

rate and depth of breathing are regulated to keep PaCO2 at

A

40 mmHg

23
Q

what happens to ventilation during sleep state

A
  • when you sleep you tolerate increases in CO2 levels without changing ventilation
  • decreased sensitivity to PaCO2
24
Q

what else can decrease sensitivity to PaCO2

A
  • narcotics
  • alcohol
  • anesthetics
25
Q

what are the most imporant regulators of inspiration

A

central chemoreceptors

26
Q

brain stem chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in ?

A

changes in pH or CSF

  1. decreased pH -> hyperventilation
  2. increased pH -> hypoventilation
27
Q

medullary chemoreceptors respond directly to a change in and respond indirectly to a change in .

A
  1. pH of CSF
  2. PaCO2
28
Q

Is CO2 permeable across the blood brain barrier?

A

yes, it can enter the CSF where it is converted to H+ and HCO3- (drops pH)

  • thus increase in PaCO2 will increase CSF PCO2 and central chemoreceptors will detect decrease in pH
29
Q

main goal of central chemoreceptors

A

keep PaCO2 within normal range

30
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

A
  • aortic arch : aortic bodies
  • bifurcation of CCA : carotid bodies
31
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors send what information to medually inspiratory center

A
  • PO2
  • PCO2
  • pH
32
Q

information from peripheral chemoreceptors travels where and via what nerves?

A
  • medullary inspiratory center
  • CN IX and CN X
33
Q

what is the most important thing that peripheral chemoreceptors detect

A

PaO2

  • they respond if PaO2 < 60 mmHg -> increase breathing rate
34
Q

If peripheral chemoreceptors detect and increase in PaCO2, what will happen to the breathing rate

A

increase

35
Q

which peripheral chemoreceptors are able to detect a change in arterial pH

A

only peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid bodies

36
Q

give two examples of mechanoreceptors

A
  1. lung stretch receptors
  2. joint and muscle receptors
37
Q

where are lung stretch receptors located

A

airway smooth muscle

38
Q

lung stretch receptors are activated by? results in?

A
  • distension of lungs and airways
  • results in decrease in breathing rate ( by prolonging expiration time)
39
Q

what is the hering-breuer reflex

A

prevents over-inflation of lungs

40
Q

joint and muscle receptors are activated by? and result in?

A
  • limb movement
  • result in increase breathing rate
    • important in early ventilatory response to exercise
41
Q

irritant receptors are located where?

A

between epithelial cells lining the airways

42
Q

irritant receptors are activated by? result in?

A
  • dust/pollen
  • increase breathing rate and constriction of bronchial smoooth muscle
43
Q

juxtacapillary receptors are located where?

A

alveolar walls

44
Q

juxtacapillary receptors are activated by? and result in?

A
  • engorgement of pulmonary capillaries with blood
  • result: increase breathing rate
45
Q

does brief apnea have effect on PaO2 and PaCO2

A

no because episodes are shorter than 10 seconds

46
Q

what is the most common type of sleep apnea

A

obstructive sleep apnea

47
Q

what causes obstructive sleep apnea

A
  • upper airway closes during inspiration
  • airway is obstructed and airflow will cease
  • associated wit brief periods of self-arousal
48
Q

obstructive sleep apnea is due to the stimulation of peripheral and central chemoreceptors detecting ?

A
  • arterial hypoxia and arterial hypercapnia
49
Q

what is central sleep apnea

A
  • occurs when there is a decreased ventilatory drive to the respiratory motor neurons
  • no respiratory efforts are made
  • no pleural pressure ossillations
50
Q

which type of sleep apnea has pleural pressure oscillations?

A
  • obstructive sleep apnea
    • pleural pressure oscillations increase as CO2 increases
  • central apnea has no pleural pressure oscillations

physiology final (7 decks)

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