Regs Flashcards
Who has to have a commercial operators certificate?
General rule: Anyone who carries:
-People or cargo
-From point A to point B for compensation or hire
-Must have a commercial operator’s certificate from the FAA
Individuals or companies who offer services publicly or privately for hire:
-Are said to hold out, and
-Are regulated as a commercial carrier
Companies offering transportation services to all who are willing and able to pay:
-Are engaged in common carriage, and
-Are regulated to higher standards to protect the general public
Aircraft Maintenance Log (135.65)
Each aircraft shall have a maintenance log on board that the pilot in command can review the status of deferred or corrected items before each flight
What are the general crew requirements for eligible on demand operations
Two-pilot crew with appropriate rating
PIC - at least 1500 hours TT
SIC - at least 500 hours TT
Additional crew requirements for multi engine turbine fixed-wing and powered-lift aircraft requirements are:
PIC - ATP and applicable type rating
SIC - Commercial pilot and instrument rating
What are the requirements for weather and storm detection equipment? (FAR 135.173 & 135.175)
If your airplane has a passenger seating configuration of 10 seats or more, then you are required to have either:
- Approved thunderstorm detection equipment (such as a storm scope), or
- Approved airborne weather radar equipment
The equipment has to be working. If it becomes inoperative, you must follow the procedures in your FAA approved company manual
Weather radar equipment (as opposed to thunderstorm detection equipment) is required for which of the following operations? (FAR 135.173 & 135.175)
Large, transport category aircraft in passenger-carrying operations
Pilots must use oxygen (135.89)
10,000 to 12,000 feet for more than 30 minutes. Above 12,000 feet at all times (unpressurized). Above 25,000 feet if one pilot leaves the flight deck the other pilot shall wear and use an oxygen mask, (unless quick-donning type). Above 35,000 feet one pilot shall wear and use an oxygen mask (pressurized).
What are the requirements for installed aircraft oxygen systems?
- A means for the pilot(s) to determine the quantity available in each source
- The ability for the pilot(s) to determine that oxygen is being delivered
- The ability for the pilots to use undiluted oxygen, at their discretion, above 25,000 feet MSL
Passenger use of oxygen (135.157)
10,000 to 15,000 feet oxygen must be supplied to 10% of the passengers for flights more than 30 minutes. Above 15,000 feet each occupant must be supplied with oxygen (unpressurized). Above 25,000 feet a 10 minute supply of oxygen to each occupant for use during emergency descent. (pressurized)
If a pressurized aircraft operates at altitude were the cabin altitude exceeds 10,000 feet
You must meet the same requirements as an unpressurized aircraft, plus other altitude-specific requirements
For flights in pressurized aircraft where the cabin altitude exceeds 10,000 feet, you must meet the same requirements as an unpressurized aircraft. Plus there are requirements for oxygen available for flights above 10,000 feet MSL up to 15,000 feet MSL and additional requirements for flights above 15,000 feet MSL
For Part 135 operations fire extinguishers must be located?
- On the flight deck for use by the flight crew
- In the passenger compartment of aircraft with 10-30 seats
Your emergency training must include individual instruction on all of the following
- Location of fire extinguishers in your aircraft
- Types of fire extinguishers available
- Classes of fires your extinguisher can be used on
Which of the following is required for VFR night operations carrying passengers? (135.159, 135.161)
The same instruments required for VFR over the top operations plus an anti-collision light system and instrument lights so the pilot can see all switches and gauges
Turbojet airplanes with 10 or more passenger seats or multi engine airplanes in commuter operations under part 119 flying IFR require _ independent communication system(s) and at least _ must be capable of two-way voice communications
2 independent communication systems
1 must be cable of two way voice communications
For extended overwater and desolate area operations, in addition to normal IFR communications requirements the airplane (with some exceptions) must be equipped with _ long range communications system(s), _ of which must be capable of two way voice communications. (135.165)
2
1
Use of a single, independent navigation system (for example, GPS) is permissible for IFR navigation if (135.165)
There is another type of system capable of IFR navigation (for example, VOR/ILS)
Use of a single IFR navigation system of particular type is permitted as long as there is second type of IFR navigation system that, using the secondary system, to a suitable airport and complete an instrument approach. The aircraft must have sufficient fuel for this potential diversion
When using VOR equipment to meet IFR navigation requirements, the aircraft must also be equipped with (135.165)
One DME receiver or one suitable RNAV system
When using VOR equipment or to meet IFR navigation requirements, the aircraft must have either one DME receiver OR one suitable RNAV system (such as GPS)
For extended overwater operations, in addition to normal IFR navigation systems requirements, the airplane (with some exceptions) must be equipped with _ long range navigation system(s) suitable for the route to be flown to the degree of accuracy specified by air traffic service.
2
In some cases the FAA may allow the use of a single long range navigation system, depending on the route being flown
Required navigation equipment for IFR also includes (135.165)
- One ILS receiver
- One marker beacon receiver with visual and aural indications
This applies even if the aircraft is certificated for GPS WAAS approaches
For aircraft used in part 135 extended overwater operations each occupant must be provided a life preserver and the life raft(s) must be able to hold _ percent of the occupants (135.167)
100
The life preserver must have an approved survivor locator light and the life raft(s) must be able to hold all of the occupants
At least one life raft must have (135.167)
A locator beacon
At least one life raft must have an emergency locator beacon. All life rafts must have a survivor locator light (and must also have an approved pyrotechnic signaling device and a survival kit appropriate to the route). There is no requirement for any of the lift rafts to have a GPS.
For Part 135 North polar region operations (North of 78 N latitude) with passengers the Ops Specs need to include the following? (135.167)
-Designated suitable diversion airports
-A passenger recovery plan at those airports (except for all cargo operations)
-A fuel freeze strategy and procedures
-A communications plan
-An MEL that covers operations in the North polar region
-A specific training plan for cold weather operations
-A plan to mitigate aircrew exposure to solar flare radiation, and
-A plan for providing two cold weather anti exposure suits for aircrew ground operations at a diversion airport
Aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats in part 135 operations are required to have (135.177)
An approved first aid kit for injuries likely to occur
A crash axe accessible to the crew
Signs indicating when smoking is not permitted and seatbelts are to be worn
Induction icing
-limits thrust
-Increases fuel consumption
-Can damage compressor sections
Structural icing can reduce lift by _% and increase drag by _%
30
40
Which type(s) of fog require(s) a wind on order to form
Both advection fog and upslope fog require a wind in order to form
Advection fog forms when warm, moist air moves over a colder surface. Upslope fog forms when moist, stable air is pushed up rising terrain. On the the other hand, radiation fog forms on clear, still nights with little to no wind.
Airports with low visibility taxi plans are required to have additional taxi guidance and lighting such as
Taxiway edge and centerline lights
Runway guard lights
Stop bar lights
Airports having takeoff or landing operations in less than 1200 feet runway visual range (RVR) visibility are required to have low visibility taxi plans.
If you find yourself accidentally penetrating a thunderstorm you should
-Set power for recommended turbulence penetration speeds
-Hand fly or disengage the altitude and airspeed hold modes
-Accept variations in altitude and smoothly maintain constant altitudes
If you experience turbulence that causes slight, rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without appreciable changes in altitude or attitude more than 2/3 of the time while encountering it, then you would report this as
Continuous light chop
-Occasional is less than 1/3
-Intermittent is 1/3
-Continuous is anything more than 2/3
Wind shear is dangerous for all aircraft but of greater concern to _ and _ aircraft
Larger, turbojet
In the winter, the jet stream tends to be
stronger, lower, and nearer the equator
In the winter the jet stream intensifies, lowers and shifts towards the equator
The U.S high level significant weather prognostic chart provides forecast information on jet streams, turbulence and thunderstorm activity for flights between
24,000 and 60,000 feet
Air traffic control will provide weather information from their radar displays
On a work load permitting basis after ensuring required traffic separation
True or false. ATC relies primarily on NEXRAD images to provide weather information and that data can be up to 5 minutes old
True
ATC’s primary source of radar weather information is NEXRAD, although some controllers may be able to select a raw data display as a secondary mode
Load manifest requirements (135,63(c))
For multi engine aircraft the manifest must include number of passengers, takeoff weight, maximum allowable takeoff weight for that flight (performance, maximum landing weight considered), center of gravity limits (for takeoff and landing), center of gravity (at takeoff and landing), registration number, origin and destination, names of crew members. manifest must be on board the aircraft and copies kept at the base for 30 days.
If you have to land with accumulated ice, follow aircraft flight manual and company procedures and
-Use a higher approach speed, and
-Consider reduced or no flaps in order to avoid a tailplane stall
When flying at lower altitudes in mountainous regions with known down drafts in the area you should
-Be aware of the direction of the wind
-Avoid the lee (downwind) side of ridgelines
-Leave yourself turning room to get away from the ridgeline
Microbursts are usually associated with
-Frontal areas
-Thunderstorms
Microbursts are short-lived, lasting _ to _ minutes, and very localized in nature with a diameter of about _ miles
2 to 5 minutes
2 miles
If you encounter a microburst at low altitude you should
Immediately initiate full power and increase angle of attack to best climb (leave plane in same configuration that you entered the microburst in)
If for any reason you are unable to maintain your assigned altitude, or are unsure of your ability to do so, you should
-Notify ATC and request assistance
-Watch for conflicting traffic and use TCAS if available
-Turn on all exterior lights to alert any nearby aircraft that can see you
Extended overwater operations
A horizontal distance of more than 50 miles from the shoreline
Emergency equipment, extended overwater operations (135.167)
Each passenger must have an approved life vest. Approved life rafts with enough capacity for the occupants of the aircraft
Autopilot use minimum altitudes (135.93)
While enroute no less than 500 AGL or no less than twice the maximum altitude loss whichever is greater. On approach no less than 50 below the minimum descent altitude or less than twice the maximum altitude loss in approach mode whichever is greater.
Second in command required (135.101)
Two pilots are required for flight carrying passengers under instrument flight rules
Autopilot in lieu of second in command (135.105)
Under VFR with less than 10 passenger seats a pilot with at least 100 hours as pilot in command in the make and model may be approved to use a 3 axis autopilot in lieu of a second in command
Passenger briefing (135.117)
Smoking, use of seatbelts, placement of seat backs, location and operation of emergency exists, location of survival equipment , ditching procedures and use of floatation equipment, location and use of fire extinguishers, briefing cards
Alcoholic beverages (135.121)
No operator may serve an intoxicated person. No operator may not allow an intoxicated person to board the aircraft. The operator must serve any drinks consumed on the aircraft.
Cockpit Voice Recorders (135.151)
CVR’s are required on multi engine, turbine or rotorcraft with 6 or more passenger seats requiring 2 pilots and operated from the beginning of the first checklist to the end of the last checklist
Ground Proximity Warning system (135.153)
GPWS are required on turbine powered aircraft with 10 or more passenger seats
Fire extinguishers (135.155)
One hand fire extinguisher must be available in the flight deck and one available in the passenger compartment
Instruments required for VFR night (135.159)
Rate of turn, slip/skid, attitude indicator, heading indicator, generator, flashlight with 2 D cells, adequate instrument lighting
Instruments required for IFR flight (135.163)
Vertical speed indicator, OAT gauge, heated pitot, vacuum/power failure warning indicator for gyros, alternate static source
Inoperable Instruments and equipment (135.179)
An approved Minimum equipment list is required to operate an aircraft with inoperable Instruments or equipment
Traffic Alert & Collision avoidance system (135.180)
TCAS is required on turbine powered aircraft with 10 or more passenger seats
Performance required for IFR or over the top conditions (135.181)
Multi Engine aircraft must be able to climb 50 fpm above 5000 feet MSL with the critical engine inoperative or descent under VFR. Single engine aircraft must be able to descend under VFR if the engine fails
Land aircraft over water (135.183)
Single engine aircraft must be able to reach land if the engine fails, multi engine aircraft must be able to climb 50 fpm at 1000 MSL with critical engine inoperative
Empty weight and center of gravity (135.185)
Multi engine aircraft must be weighed every 36 calendar months
VFR minimum altitudes (135.203)
Daytime no less than 500 feet above the surface and 500 feet horizontal distance from any obstacle. At night no less than 1000 feet above the highest obstacle within 5 miles. Designated mountainous terrain 2000 feet above the highest obstacle within 5 miles
VFR visibility requirements (135.205)
Uncontrolled airspace minimum ceiling is 1000 feet and visibility is 2 statute miles
IFR takeoff limitations (135.219)
If the weather is above takeoff minimums but below landing minimums, an alternate airport is required within 1 hour flight time in still air
Civil airport takeoff minimums (91.175)
1 statue miles visibility for 1 or 2 engine aircraft, 1/2 statute miles visibility for 3 or more engine aircraft
Lower takeoff minimums (when authorized)
1600 TDZRVR or 14 mile visibility: HIRL, CL, RCLM or adequate visual reference. Mid RVR may be substituted if TDZRVRV not available
1200 TDRVR and 1000 RORVR with: operative CL. Mid RVR may substitute for TDZRVR or RORVR
500 TDZRVR, 500 MDRVR, and 500 RORVR with: CL and RCLM. Any one RVR report may be missing if remaining two are above minimums. 2 pilots are required with 2 independent sets of flight Instruments. The PIC must have at least 100 hours as PIC in make and model, the SIC must have 100 hours in make and model. Both pilots must have completed the company’s approved training program for these takeoffs.
Alternate airport weather minimums (135.221)
To use an airport as an alternate the weather must be forecast to be at or above the authorized alternate airport minimums at the estimated time of arrival (at the alternate)
Alternate airport requirements (135.223)
1-2-3 rule for destination airport
-1 hour before and one hour after the estimated time of arrival
-2000 foot ceiling or 1500 above circling MDA or lowest MDA (no circling authorized) whichever is higher
-3 miles visibility or 2 miles more than than the minimum visibility for the approach to be used whichever is greater
IFR takeoff approach and landing minimums (135.225)
A pilot may not begin an instrument approach unless the weather is reported at or above the landing minimums. If the weather goes below landing minimum inside the FAF or established procedure turn inbound on approaches without a FAF, the approach may be continued. Pilots of turbine powered aircraft without 100 house PIC in type will increase landing minimums by 100 feet and 1/2 mile.
VFR fuel supply (135.209)
Day: Destination plus 30 minutes
Night: destination plus 45 minutes
Flight time limitations unscheduled one and two Crew operations (135.267)
500 hours in a calendar quarter, 800 hours in 2 consecutive quarters, 1400 hours in a calendar year. Maximum of 8 hours for single pilots, 10 hours for 2 crews within a 14 hour assigned duty period during 24 consecutive hours followed by 10 hours consecutive rest. If the flight time is exceeded:
-30 minutes 11 hours rest
-30 to 60 12 hours rest
-60 or more 16 hours rest
Positioning flight to a 135 flight counts as flight and duty time. Positioning flight after a 135 flight counts as duty time but not as flight time (daily limitations). 13 rest periods of at least 24 hours are required in a calendar quarter.
